DEF: NONE ABLATING MATERIAL A material made to provide thermal protection to a body travelling at hypersonic speed in a planetary atmosphere. Some re-entry vehicles have ablating materials on their surface, which blocks transfer of heat to the rest of the vehicle and helps maintain acceptable temperatures of the vehicle's structure and interior. DEF: NONE ABORT Procedures to cut short or break off an action. The Space Shuttle system has four basic abort modes: 1) Return to Launch Site 2) Abort-Once-Around 3) Abort To Orbit and 4) Abort From Orbit. DEF: NONE ADAPTER SKIRT An extension or flange of a launch vehicle stage or section that provides a way of fitting on another stage or section. DEF: NONE AEROBALLISTICS Study of the interaction of vehicles or high-velocity projectiles with the atmosphere. As the Space Shuttle re-enters the atmosphere, the problem of the effect on its trajectory is a problem in aeroballistics. DEF: NONE AERODYNAMICS Study of the motion of gases (air in particular) and of the forces acting on solid bodies when they move through those gases, or when the gases move around, or up against the solid bodies. DEF: NONE AFTERBODY A companion body that follows a satellite or space vehicle. Also, a section of a launch vehicle, rocket or missile that enters the atmosphere behind another part that is protected for atmospheric entry. DEF: NONE AFTERBURNER A device that increases the thrust of a jet engine by burning additional fuel in the uncombined oxygen which is present in turbine exhaust gases. DEF: NONE AIRLOCK 1. A small chamber that allows for passage between two places of differing pressure (such as between the cabin of a spacecraft and outer space). 2. A compartment that may be depressurized without depressurizing the Orbiter cabin or Spacelab module. DEF: NONE AIRSPACE A specific portion of the atmosphere, above a particular portion of the Earth. It is usually defined by the boundaries of an area on the surface projected upward. DEF: NONE APOGEE The point farthest from the Earth in a geocentric orbit. At apogee, the orbiting body's velocity is at a minimum. In order to enlarge the orbit, or make it circular, a spacecraft's thruster is turned on at apogee to give the vehicle and its payload increased velocity. Apogee is the opposite of perigee. DEF: NONE ALSEP APOLLO LUNAR SURFACE EXPERIMENTS PACKAGE (abbr. ALSEP). Experiments and scientific materials left on the Moon by the Apollo astronauts for the purpose of transmitting data back to Earth DEF: NONE APOLLO PROJECT A NASA project, initiated in 1961, to put man on the Moon before the end of the decade. By the completion of the project in 1973, 12 astronauts had landed and explored the Moon's surface during six missions. Experiments performed during the Apollo program included cosmic-ray and neutron detection, magnetometry, laser ranging, solar wind and lunar atmosphere probing. DEF: NONE APOLLO-SOYUZ TEST PROJECT A joint U.S.-Soviet space mission in July, 1975, that centered on the docking of Apollo 18 and Soyuz 19 spacecrafts. As a result of this project a standard docking system for possible space rescue was developed. DEF: NONE APPROACH The maneuvers of a space vehicle from a stationkeeping (predetermined orbit) position toward an orbiting payload for the purpose of capture. DEF: NONE APPROACH AND LANDING TEST (s) (ALT) A 9-month long Space Shuttle test program that was conducted at the Dryden Flight Research Center at Edwards Air Force Base in California in 1977. The Orbiter was carried into the air by a modified 747 jet, which was known as the SCA (Shuttle Carrier Aircraft). There was a total of 13 flights in the ALT program, with various tests of both manned and unmanned captive flights. Tests were performed to determine structural loads and responses to ground-handling and control characteristics up to flight takeoff speed. The manned flights evaluated all systems in the flight environment in preparation for the Orbiter free flights. Free flights then verified pilot-guided approach and landing capabilities of the Orbiter. DEF: NONE ARIANE A three-stage launch vehicle designed by the European Space Agency to give Europe and independent launching capabilities for its own satellites (which were previously launched by NASA). DEF: NONE ATLANTIS The Space Shuttle Orbiter vehicle (OV) 104. DEF: NONE ATLAS A group of launch vehicles used as primary intermediate boosters. They were used as launch vehicles in a variety of programs including Mercury and Ranger. There are three mainstage liquid propellant rocket engines and two small vernier engines on Atlas boosters. The engines are all ignited on the ground and brought up to approximately full thrust before space vehicle launch. The thrust of an Atlas is approximately 1,921,550 new tons at sea level, and it can lift a selection of payloads up to about 5440 kg. (12,000 lb.) into low Earth orbit. DEF: NONE ATLAS-CENTAUR CLASS Payloads weighing approx. 4000 lb. to 4400 lb. (1800 kg to 2000 kg.) DEF: NONE ATMOSPHERE 1. The gases, suspended solid, and liquid materials that are bound by gravity to a region around a planet or satellite. 2. The breathable environment inside a spacecraft, space capsule or space station. DEF: NONE ATTITUDE The position or orientation of a vehicle while either in motion or at rest, determined by the relationship between its axes and a reference line, plane (such as the horizon) or a fixed system of reference axes. DEF: NONE AUTOMATED PAYLOADS Payloads supported by an unmanned spacecraft that operates independently of the Space Shuttle. Automated payloads are detached during the operational phase of the Orbiter flights. DEF: NONE BALLISTIC MISSILE A missile that is propelled and guided only during the initial phase of its flight. During the portion of its flight that is non-powered and non-guided, it describes a path similar to that of an artillery shell and essentially operates in accordance with the laws of ballistics (free to move, behave and be modified by ambient conditions, substances or forces such as gases or temperature). DEF: NONE BALLOON-TYPE ROCKET A liquid-fuel rocket (like the Atlas), that requires the pressure of its own propellants (or other gases) to give it structural integrity. DEF: NONE BARBECUE MODE A rolling maneuver of the Space Shuttle Orbiter to help equalize the external temperature of the spacecraft. DEF: NONE BERTHING A process that uses the remote manipulator system to carefully bring together an orbital element and the Orbiter Vehicle, that is, the positioning of a payload on the repair/maintenance support fixture in the cargo bay. DEF: NONE BIOPAK A container that supports a living organism in a habitable environment for biological tests during space flight. DEF: NONE BIOPROPELLANT A rocket propellant that consists of two unmixed or uncombined chemicals (fuel and oxidizer) and is fed to combustion chamber separately. DEF: NONE BLOCKHOUSE A structure made of reinforced concrete, often built underground or party underground, to provide protection against blast, heat or explosions during rocket launchings or similar activity. DEF: NONE BOATTAIL The back (rear or aft) end of rocket that contains the propulsion system and its interface with vehicle tankage. DEF: NONE BOOST 1. Additional power, pressure or force supplied by some type of booster, such as a hydraulic boost, or the extra propulsion provided to a flying vehicle during lift-off or other portion of its flight. 2. To boost pressure. 3. To supercharge. 4. To push along during a portion of the flight, such as a rocket boosted to altitude with another rocket. DEF: NONE BOOSTER SEPARATION MOTOR (abbr. BSM) Small, solid-fueled booster separation motors that "translate" (move) the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters away from the Orbiter's still-thrusting main engines and the external tank. DEF: NONE BREAKOFF PHENOMENON Also called the "breakaway phenomenon". The feeling that occasionally occurs during high-altitude flight or spaceflight of being completely separated and detached from the Earth and human society. DEF: NONE BURN The firing of a rocket's engine. Such as the "third burn" of the Shuttle's orbital maneuvering subsystem engines would mean the third time during a Shuttle flight that the OMS engines had been fired. DEF: NONE CAPTIVE FIRING The test firing of a propulsion system where the engine is operated at full or partial thrust while restrained in a test stand. Data is obtained to verify design and demonstrate performance capabilities. DEF: NONE CARGO The total complement of payloads on any one Space Shuttle flight. This includes everything contained within the Orbiter cargo bay as well as additional equipment, hardware and consumables located in other parts of the Orbiter. DEF: NONE CARGO BAY An unpressurized mid-section of the Orbiter fuselage behind the cabin aft bulkhead. It is where most payloads are carried. Hinged doors extend the full length of the bay, in which the maximum useable space is 60 ft (18.3 m) long and 15 ft. (4.6 m) in diameter. DEF: NONE CELESTIAL GUIDANCE Also known as automatic celestial navigation, it refers to the process of directing movements of an aircraft or space vehicle, especially in the selection of a flight path, by reference to celestial bodies. DEF: NONE CHALLENGER The name of the Space Shuttle Orbiter vehicle (OV) 99. DEF: NONE CHAMBER COOLANT VALVE (abbr. CCV) A component of the main Space Shuttle Main Engine. DEF: NONE CHASE PILOT A pilot engaged in flying an escort plane advising a pilot who is making a check, training or research flight in another vehicle. DEF: NONE CHEMICAL FUEL A fuel that depends on an oxidizer for combustion or for the development of thrust. DEF: NONE CLEAN ROOM A limited space where dust, temperature and humidity are controlled as necessary for the fabrication and/or assembly of critical components. DEF: NONE COLUMBIA The first Orbiter to actually fly in space, April 12, 1981. "Columbia" is the Space Shuttle Orbiter vehicle (OV) 102. DEF: NONE COMBUSTION CHAMBER Any chamber that is for the combustion of fuel, in particular the part of a rocket engine in which the combustion of propellants takes place at high pressure. DEF: NONE COMBUSTION DEVICES Parts located in the areas of a liquid rocket engine where controlled combustion, or burning, of the liquid fuel and oxidizer occurs. DEF: NONE COMMANDER The member of the Space Shuttle crew who has utmost responsibility for the safety of all personnel on board and has authority throughout the flight to deviate from the flight plan, procedures and personnel assignments as necessary to preserve crew safety or vehicle integrity. A commander, as well as a pilot or pilot-qualified mission specialist are always required to operate and manage an Orbiter flight. DEF: NONE CONCEPTUAL FLIGHT PLANNING DATA PACKAGE A package of data produced by the Space Transportation System flight operator that contains a) a basic trajectory b) a basic STS (Space Transportation System) configuration and the flight constraints c) the consumable allocations d) the crew and vehicle in-flight maintenance requirements e) the recommended Shuttle crew work/rest schedule and f) an opportunity matrix used to establish the crew work/rest cycles. DEF: NONE CREW MODULE A pressurized working, living and stowage compartment, in three sections, in the forward portion of the Orbiter. It is made up of the flight deck, mid deck/equipment bay and an airlock. DEF: NONE CRYOGENICS Fluids or conditions of extremely low temperatures, generally below -150 C (123 degrees Kelvin) DEF: NONE DEDICATED FLIGHT A Space Shuttle flight that is assigned to a single user. In a mission of this type, the user pays all costs of the launch and related services plus options. DEF: NONE DEDICATED SPACELAB An extension module dedicated to a single discipline, such as biological sciences, that may fly more than once a year over the course of several years and may be assigned to a payload development center. DEF: NONE DEEP SPACE NETWORK (DSN) The tracking and communication system for all automated scientific spacecraft circumnavigating the solar system. Once a spacecraft has been injected into the proper trajectory towards its target planet, the DSN takes over communications from other facilities. The network is controlled and monitored at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. DEF: NONE DEFENSE SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM (DSCS) Since the nature of military communications requires secrecy, the US military operates its own, separate communications satellites. DEF: NONE DELTA CLASS Payloads weighing approximately 2000 lb. to 2500 lb. (900 kg. to 1100 kg.) DEF: NONE DELUGE COLLECTION POND A launch-site facility where water used to cool the flame deflector is flushed as the rocket begins its ascent. DEF: NONE DE-ORBIT BURN A retrograde rocket engine firing where vehicle velocity is reduced to less than that required to remain in orbit. DEF: NONE DEPLOYMENT The process of removing a payload from the cargo bay and releasing it from the Orbiter. DEF: NONE DESTRUCT LINE A boundary line on each side of the down-range course on a rocket test range. A rocket cannot fly beyond either boundary line without being destroyed under destruct procedures. DEF: NONE DIAMONDS The series of end-to-end diamond shapes that appear in patterns of shock waves often visible in rocket exhaust. DEF: NONE DISCOVERY The name of the Space Shuttle Orbiter vehicle (OV) 103. DEF: NONE DOCKING The procedure to join two or more spacecraft or orbiting objects, specifically with regards to sealing two manned spacecraft together in orbit with latches and sealing rings. In such a process two hatches can then be opened between them without losin cabin atmosphere, allowing crew members to move from one craft to the other. DEF: NONE DOCKING MODULE An additional kit for the Space Shuttle Orbiter vehicle that allows positive interception, engagement with and release of other orbiting elements or vehicles equipped with similar docking set-ups. DEF: NONE DOGLEG A directional turn made within the launch trajectory to create a more favorable orbit inclination. DEF: NONE DOUBLE-BASE PROPELLANT A solid rocket propellant that uses two unstable compounds (such as nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin) and does not require a separate oxidizer. DEF: NONE DOWNWEIGHT Landing weight, particularly STS payloads and all items required by specific payloads. DEF: NONE DRAG Atmospheric resistance to the orbital motion of a spacecraft. Drag has the effect of lowering the orbit. DEF: NONE DROGUE PARACHUTE A small parachute that pulls a larger parachute out of stowage. Also a small parachute used to slow down a descending spacecraft, space capsule or airplane. DEF: NONE DROGUE RECOVERY A recovery system used for space capsules that have been slowed after atmospheric entry by the deployment of a small parachute/s, which allows for a reduction of aerodynamic heating and stabilization of the vehicle so that a larger recovery parachute/s can be safely deployed at lower altitudes. DEF: NONE DRY WEIGHT Appropriately applied to liquid rockets, refers to the weight of a rocket without its fuel. DEF: NONE DYSBARISM A term of aerospace medicine describing a condition in the human body resulting from the existence of a pressure differential between the total ambient pressure of dissolved and free gases within the body's tissues, fluids and cavities. Symptoms caused by decreased barometric pressure are abdominal gas pains (bends) at altitudes above 25,000 ft. (620 m.) to 30,000 ft. (9145 m.). Increased barometric pressure occuring from descent of high altitudes is characterized by painful distension of the ear drums. DEF: NONE EFFECTOR Any device used to maneuver a rocket in flight. DEF: NONE EJECTION CAPSULE 1. The detachable unit of an airplane or manned spacecraft that serves as a cockpit or cabin. Once detached, it may be parachuted to the ground. 2. A box-like unit containing a variety observed data or recording instruments which may be ejected from a satellite, probe or unmanned unit and returned to Earth by parachute or other deceleration device. DEF: NONE ENERGY MANAGEMENT The monitoring of the expenditure of rocket fuel for flight control and navigation. DEF: NONE ENERGY RELEASE SYSTEM The portion of a solid rocket igniter that provides the necessary heat to ignite the propellant and raise it to a self-sustaining combustion level. DEF: NONE ENTERPRISE The name of Space Shuttle Orbiter vehicle (OV) 101. DEF: NONE EQUATORIAL ORBIT A satellite or spacecraft orbit within the plane of the Earth's equator. DEF: NONE EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY ESA promotes and maintains space policy for the European Community as well as cooperates with NASA on important scientific missions. For instance, the Arianne rocket system is an ESA program. DEF: NONE EXHAUST PLUME Hot gas ejected from the thrust chamber of a rocket engine. As the plume expands while the rocket ascends it exposes the engine and vehicle to a larger radiative area. DEF: NONE EXOBIOLOGY The area of biology that involves studies of extraterrestrial environments for the existence of living organisms, recognition of evidence for possibilities of life in such environments and study of any nonterrestrial life forms that may be found. DEF: NONE EXPANDABLE SPACE STRUCTURE A structure that is packaged in a small area for launch and then erected to its full size outside of the Earth's atmosphere. DEF: NONE EXPLORER 1 The United States' first successful satellite, launched on January 31, 1958 by a Jupiter-C rocket. Data collected by Explorer 1 led to the discovery of the Earth's radiation belts. DEF: NONE EXPLOSIVE-ACTUATED DEVICES Electrically initiated pyrotechnics on which all major Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster (SRB) functions (except steering) are dependent on. DEF: NONE EXTERNAL TANK (ET) A tank containing the propellants for three Space Shuttle Main Engines. At lift-off, the external tank absorbs the total thrust loads of the three main engines and the two Solid Rocket Boosters (SRBs). After the Solid Rocket Boosters separate at an altitude of approx. 27 miles (44 km.) the Orbiter, with main engines still burning, piggybacks the external tank to near orbital velocity (approx. 70 miles or 113 km.) above the Earth where the nearly empty tank then separates and falls into the ocean on a preplanned trajectory. DEF: NONE EXTRAVEHICULAR MOBILITY UNIT (EMU) An assembly used for extravehicular mobility and activities, and comprised of the space suit, life-support subsystem, displays and controls module, manned maneuvering unit, plus several other crew items together with emergency life support and rescue equipment. DEF: NONE FERRY FLIGHT A flight within the Earth's atmosphere with a Space Shuttle Orbiter mounted on top of a modified Boeing 747 Shuttle carrier aircraft. DEF: NONE FIN A fixed or adjustable airfoil attached longitudinally to an aircraft, rocket, or similar structure to provide a stabilizing effect. DEF: NONE FLAME BUCKET A deep, cave-like structure built beneath a launch pad. It opens at the top to receive the hot gases from the rocket positioned above it, and is also open on one or three sides below, with the fourth side being thick metal, bent so as to deflect the exhaust gases. DEF: NONE FLEET SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM (FLTSATCOM) A communications system designed to provide an operational near-global satellite network in support of high priority communications requirements of the U.S. Navy and Air Force. Satellites in the FLTSATCOM system allow communication between naval aircraft, ships, submarines, ground stations, Strategic Air Command, and the presidential command networks. DEF: NONE FLIGHT CONTROL ROOM (FCR) The facility used by a flight control team for direct support of a Space Shuttle flight from prelaunch countdown through landing rollout. DEF: NONE FLIGHT CONTROL TEAM (FCT) Personnel in the Mission Control Center whose duty includes providing support for the duration of each Space Shuttle Flight. The team is comprised of flight control room teams and support room personnel. DEF: NONE FLIGHT DATA FILE (FDF) An onboard file of crew activity plans, procedures, reference material and test data necessary for carrying out the flight. DEF: NONE FLIGHT-DEPENDENT TRAINING Preparation of a mission or payload specialist for a particular flight. A portion of the training involves simulations with the rest of the Shuttle flight crew and ground terms. DEF: NONE FLIGHT READINESS FIRING (FRF) 1. A test in which a rocket is restrained at the launch pad while its liquid propellant engines are fired to determine its readiness for a flight test or operational mission. 2. In the case of a Space Shuttle flight, the readiness firing test involves stacking the flight vehicle on the launch pad and a countdown demonstration test is performed. This test duplicates to the fullest extent possible an actual launch countdown. The engines are shutdown after 20 seconds of sustained firing. DEF: NONE FLIGHT SIMULATION A training session where a portion of the flight is practiced by Shuttle flight crew and/or ground personnel. DEF: NONE FLYBY An interplanetary mission where the spacecraft passes close to its target planet but does not land or go into orbit around it. DEF: NONE FLYING TEST BED A rocket, aircraft, or other type of flying vehicle used for carrying objects or devices being flight tested. DEF: NONE FOOTPRINT An area within which a spacecraft is expected to land. DEF: NONE FORWARD FUSELAGE The cockpit, living quarters and experiment operator's station of the Space Shuttle Orbiter. This area also contains the pressurized crew module and provides support for the nose section, nose gear and nose gear wheel wells and doors. DEF: NONE FORWARD SKIRT A section of the forward assembly of the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster that contains flight avionics, rate gyro assemblies, range safety system panels and systems tunnel components. DEF: NONE FREE FLYING SYSTEM A satellite or payload that is detached from the Orbiter during its operational phases and is capable of independent operation. DEF: NONE FRUSTUM The part of the forward assembly of the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster that houses the three main parachutes of the space vehicle's recovery system, the altitude switch, frustum location aids and the floatation devices. DEF: NONE G The symbol used to represent acceleration due to gravity. When a spacecraft is accelerated or decelerated everything inside it experiences a force that may be as high as "several g's". DEF: NONE GEMINI PROJECT The beginning of sophisticated manned space flight. Project Gemini (1964-1966) expanded and refined the scientific and technological endeavors of Mercury, with the addition of a second crew member and maneuverable spacecraft. A total of 10 two-man launches occurred, each one successfully placing the astronauts in orbit and returning them safely to Earth. DEF: NONE GEOPROBE A rocket vehicle made to explore space close to Earth, at a distance of more than 4000 miles (6437 km.) from Earth's surface. DEF: NONE GEOSYNCHRONOUS EARTH ORBIT (GEO) An orbit in which a satellite or spacecraft revolves around Earth, above the equator, at the same rate at which the planet rotates on its axis. DEF: NONE GROUND ELAPSED TIME (GET) The time elapsed since launch. DEF: NONE GROUND ENVIRONMENT 1. The environment surrounding and affecting a system or piece of aerospace equipment while it operates on the ground. 2. Part of a guidance, or other system that functions on the ground, and the total equipment, conditions, facilities and personnel that go to make up a system, or part of a system functioning on the ground. DEF: NONE GROUND SUPPORT EQUIPMENT (GSE) Any ground-based non-flight equipment used for launch, checkout or in-flight support of a space vehicle or other operational end item or subsystem. The GSE includes everything that is required for handling, servicing, inspection, testing, maintenance, alignment, adjustment, checkout, and repair. DEF: NONE GROUNDTRACK The path taken by a spacecraft over the Earth's surface. DEF: NONE GROUND UMBILICAL CARRIER PLATE (GUCP) An umbilical connector that links the Space Shuttle External Tank and the ground fluid and pneumatic systems. It controls vent valve action, helium injection into the liquid oxygen anti-geyser line, atmosphere monitoring and conditioning of the inter-tank activity. The GUCP also carries gaseous hydrogen boiloff. DEF: NONE G-SUIT A suit that exerts pressure on the abdomen and other lower parts of the body to prevent or slow down the collection of blood below the chest under positive acceleration. DEF: NONE G-TOLERANCE The ability of a person or animal to tolerate acceleration of a particular value or g-force. DEF: NONE GUIDANCE The procedures undertaken to direct the movements of an aeronautical vehicle or spacecraft, with particular reference to the selection of a flight path. Different types of guidance mechanisms include setting a predetermined path that is not altered, or inertial guidance where accelerations are measured and integrated within the craft, and command guidance where the space vehicle responds to information received from an outside source. Other guidance processes may use a beam, the influence of the Earth, celestial bodies or information coming from the destination (homing guidance). DEF: NONE GUIDED MISSILE 1. Referring to any missile that is capable of receiving some degree of guidance or direction after it has been set in motion. 2. An unmanned, self-propelled vehicle (such as a rocket or pilotless aircraft) carrying a destructive payload and able to be directed or of directing itself after launch or take-off. DEF: NONE HABITABLE PAYLOAD A payload with a pressurized compartment allowing for the support of a crewperson without wearing a pressure-suit. DEF: NONE HANGFIRE A problematic condition in the ignition system of a rocket engine. DEF: NONE HATCH A door in the pressure hull of a space vehicle. The hatch has a tight seal to prevent cabin atmosphere from escaping to the outside. DEF: NONE HEAT EXCHANGER A component in the Space Shuttle Main Engines that coverts liquid oxygen to gaseous oxygen for oxygen tank and pogo-system accumulator pressurization. DEF: NONE HEAT SOAK The increase in temperature in rocket-engine components once firing has ceased. Heat soak is a result of heat transfer through contiguous parts when no active cooling exists. DEF: NONE HOT GAS MANIFOLD (HGM) A main part of the Space Shuttle Main Engine connecting and supporting the preburners, high-pressure fuel turbopumps, main combustion chamber and main injector. DEF: NONE HOT STREAKING A term derived from the localized heat marks visible on the wall of a combustion chamber after firing has ended. The burning gases stratify into longitudinal zones of high-temperature gases that do not break up and mix with cooler gases. DEF: NONE HYDROGEN The lightest and one of the most abundant chemical elements found on Earth, hydrogen is also fuel for the Space Shuttle Main Engines. High in energy content and very clean, its only combustion product when burned with oxygen is water. When cooled to a liquid, hydrogen takes up less than 1/700 as much space, making it a natural for aerospace use which requires high energy, low-weight fuel. DEF: NONE HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE Fluid pressure caused by gravitational force. DEF: NONE HYPERGOLIC PROPELLANTS Rocket propellants that ignite spontaneously when brought into contact with eachother. DEF: NONE HYPERSONIC Speeds of Mach 5 or greater. DEF: NONE HYPERSONIC FLOW In aerodynamics, refers to the flow of fluid over a body at speeds considerably greater than the speed of sound and in which the shock waves start at a finite distance from the surface of the body. DEF: NONE IDEAL ROCKET A theoretical rocket formulated for parameters that are corrected as rockets are produced. The ideal rocket observes ideal (perfect) gas laws, no friction, no heat transfer across the rocket wall, an axially directed velocity of all exhaust gases, a uniform gas velocity across every section normal to the nozzle axis, chemical equilibrium established in the combustion chamber and maintained in the nozzle, and a homogenous and invariant propellant. DEF: NONE IGLOO A pressurized container designed for Spacelab pallet subsystems where no pressurized module is used. DEF: NONE IGNITER A device used to start combustion, such as a squib to ignite the fuel in a rocket. DEF: NONE IGNITION DELAY 1. In solid rocket motors it is the time period from the moment of arrival of the heat energy from the igniter at the propellant grain surface until the propellant is burning. 2. In liquid rocket engines, ignition delay is the time from initial contact of fuel and oxidizer until a certain degree of pressure is generated. DEF: NONE IMAGES FROM SPACE Imaging systems on spacecraft that have, in more recent years, provided scientists with outstanding visuals of planets and moons. The Voyager spacecraft carry maneuverable camera systems and the process of producing pictures of the planets and moons is accomplished by 1. Image Scanning and 2. Data Storage and Transmission (aboard the spacecraft) and 3. Data Reception, 4. Data Storage and 5. Image Reconstruction (on Earth). Pictures from the spacecraft are stored and reassembled at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. DEF: NONE INERTIAL UPPER STAGE A solid fuel system that boosts payloads from the Space Shuttle's low earth orbit into higher orbits, or into interplanetary trajectories. During the launch portion of the flight, the passive upper stage will be in the Orbiter's payload bay. Once the Space Shuttle has assumed low orbit the upper stage-satellite combination is placed in space. DEF: NONE IN-FLIGHT START An engine ignition sequence after take-off and during flight, including starts both within and above the Earth's atmosphere. DEF: NONE INSERTION The procedures required to put a satellite, spacecraft or aerospace vehicle into orbit. DEF: NONE INSTRUMENT MODULE (IM) A conglomeration of hardware at the transition adaptor of the Multimission Modular Spacecraft. Instrumentation consists of the mounting structure and all supporting and interfacing equipment as well as mission instruments. DEF: NONE INTERSTAGE SECTION A section of rocket or missile that sits between stages. DEF: NONE INTERTANK A part of the Space Shuttle External Tank that is not actually a tank but serves as a mechanical connection between the liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen tanks. The intertank provides structural continuity to the propellant tanks, is a protective housing for instruments and receives and distributes thrust loads from the Solid Rocket Boosters. DEF: NONE INTRAVEHICULAR ACTIVITY (IVA) Refers to the location of Shuttle crew activities taking place within the Orbiter, inside a payload module carried in the cargo bay when the doors are closed. DEF: NONE JET ENGINE 1. Any engine that expells a jet or stream of gas or fluid, obtaining all or most of its thrust by its reaction to the ejection. 2. The engine of an aircraft that obtains all or most of its thrust by its reaction to its ejection of combustion products and acquires oxygen from the atmosphere for the combustion of its fuel. This type of jet engine may have a compressor, typically turbine-driven to take in and compress air, or it may compress air by other means. DEF: NONE JET PROPULSION The means of propulsion of a rocket or other craft by means of a reaction engine or by duct propulsion. DEF: NONE JOVIAN Pertaining to, or of the planet Jupiter. Associated with or similar to Jupiter. DEF: NONE JOVIAN PLANET Any of the giant planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus or Neptune. DEF: NONE JP-4 A liquid fuel used for jet and rocket engines, made primarily of kerosene. DEF: NONE JUPITER The largest planet in the solar system, more than twice the mass of all other planets. It is about one thousand times larger than the Earth, although its density is much less than Earth's as it is made up largely of hydrogen and helium. DEF: NONE JUPITER-C A version of the Redstone Ballistic Missile and direct descendant of the V-2 rocket made in Germany during World War II. It is a three-stage rocket that carried Explorer I into orbit in 1958. DEF: NONE KNOT A nautical mile per hour at 1.1508 statute miles per hour (1.852 km./hr.) DEF: NONE LANDER A spacecraft or mission that lands on another planet or celestial body. DEF: NONE LANDING GEAR Components of an aircraft, spacecraft or aerospace vehicle that support and provide mobility for the craft on water, land or other surface. The apparatus may be made up of wheels, floats, skis or other devices, including all necessary bracing, struts, shock absorbers, etc. DEF: NONE LAUNCH (noun) 1. The act of launching a rocket or space vehicle from the surface. 2. The results of such action, such as the transition from static repose to dynamic flight. 3. The action of sending up a rocket, probe or like object from a moving vehicle, such as a spacecraft or aircraft. DEF: NONE LAUNCH (verb) 1. To send a rocket off under its own power, such as a guided missile. 2. To use a catapult to send off a missile or aircraft. Or by means of inertial force such as the release of a bomb from a flying aircraft. 3. Giving a space probe an additional boost for flight into space just before it separates from the launch vehicle. DEF: NONE LAUNCH AZIMUTH The initial compass heading of a powered space vehicle at the time of launch. DEF: NONE LAUNCH COMPLEX The site, facilities and required equipment to launch a rocket or space vehicle. The complex varies according to the type of rocket being launched. DEF: NONE LAUNCH CONFIGURATION The apparatus of boosters, spacecraft and launch escape system (if appropriate) that must be lifted off the ground at launch. DEF: NONE LAUNCHER A structure or device often incorporating a tube, group of tubes, or a set of tracks, from which self-propelled missiles are sent up and by means of which the missiles are usually aimed or given initial guidance. DEF: NONE LAUNCHING ANGLE The angle between a horizontal plane and the longitudinal axis of a space vehicle or rocket, etc. that is being launched. DEF: NONE LAUNCHING RAIL A rail that provides initial support and guidance to a rocket launched in a non-vertical postition. DEF: NONE LAUNCH PAD 1. The load-bearing base or platform from where the rocket is launched. 2. The area in the Space Transportation System where the stacked Shuttle flight vehicle goes through final prelaunch checkout, countdown, and actual launch. DEF: NONE LAUNCH RING A metal ring on the launch pad where a rocket or missile stands before launch. DEF: NONE LAUNCH WINDOW An interval of time during which a rocket or space vehicle can be launched to accomplish a specific task. DEF: NONE LIFT-OFF The action taken by a rocket or aerospace vehicle as it separates from its launch pad, particularly in a vertical ascent, as lift-off is only applicable to vertical launch, whereas take-off is applicable to ascent at any angle. DEF: NONE LIGHTNING PROTECTION The tip of the nose cap of the Space Shuttle External Tank that forms a lightning rod for protection of the tank during launch. DEF: NONE LIQUID HYDROGEN TANK The largest section of the Space Shuttle External Tank. Its main function is to hold 383,066 gallons (1,449,905 liters) of liquid hydrogen at 20 K (-253 C or -423 F) and to provide a mounting platform for the Orbiter and Solid Rocket Boosters. DEF: NONE LIQUID OXYGEN TANK A portion of the Space Shuttle External Tank that holds 143,060 gallons (541,482 liters) of oxidizer at 90 K (-183 C or -297 F). DEF: NONE LIVE TESTING Testing of an aerospace vehicle, rocket engine or missile by actually launching it. DEF: NONE LOAD FACTOR The ratio of vehicle thrust to its overall mass. DEF: NONE LUNAR MODULE A vehicle used for manned Moon landing. The module is undocked from its position aboard the launch vehicle once in lunar orbit, and prepared for descent to the Moon. The descent segment remains on the surface of the Moon once the astronauts have left to rejoin the comman module. DEF: NONE LUNAR ORBITER PROBES A NASA project that took place between August 1966 and August 1967, designed to provide scientists with various images of the Moon in preparation for a manned landing. The Orbiter Probes were used to select landing sites for the Apollo mission and demonstrated that the Moon's gravitational field permitted stable orbits. The probes were purposely crashed at the close of the mission to prevent interference with future projects. DEF: NONE MACH NUMBER (symbol M) The ratio of the speed of a body or of a point on a body with respect to the surrounding air or other fluid, or the speed of a flow, to the speed of sound in the medium. Mach is represented by a number (i.e. Mach 5), and is named after the Austrian scientist Ernst Mach (1838-1916). DEF: NONE MAIN STAGE 1. The stage of a multistage rocket that develops the greatest amount of thrust, with or without booster engines. 2. The period of a single-stage rocket, powered by one or more engines, when full thrust (at or above 90%) is attained. 3. A sustainer engine, known as a stage after booster engines have fallen away. DEF: NONE MANEUVER PAD Information and/or data on spacecraft altitude, thrust values, event times, etc., transmitted in advance of a maneuver. DEF: NONE MARS Fourth planet in the Solar System, with an atmosphere 100 times thinner than Earth's. Mars' diameter is 6794 km, and has been largely explored by the Mariner 9 and Viking probes. DEF: NONE MAX-Q The condition of maximum dynamic pressure, referring to the point in the flight of a launch vehicle when it experiences the most severe aerodynamic forces. DEF: NONE MERCURY The innermost planet in the Solar System, with huge cliffs and a crust of silicate rock, similar to Earth's. Mariner 10 discovered a minute trace of atmosphere, a trillionth the density of Earth's. Mercury has a diameter of 488 km. DEF: NONE MERCURY PROJECT The pioneering American project destined to put man in orbit. The two one-man sub-orbital flights and four orbital manned missions took place between May 1961 and May 1963. Two space boosters were used with the Mercury capsule, the first was a modified Redstone and the second was a Mercury-Atlas combination. DEF: NONE METEOROLOGICAL ROCKET A rocket for upper air observation (routine as opposed to research), particularly the portion inaccessible to balloons (above 100,000 feet or 30,480 m.) DEF: NONE MID DECK Part of the crew station module of the Space Shuttle Orbiter. The mid deck contains provisions and stowage facilities for four crew sleeping stations. The waste management system, personal hygiene station and work/dining table are also located in the same portion. DEF: NONE MID FUSELAGE A structure that forms the payload bay of the Orbiter, and interfaces with the forward fuselage, aft fuselage and wings. It also supports the payload bay doors, hinges and tie-down fittings, the forward wing glove, and various Orbiter system components. DEF: NONE MISSILE Any object that has been thrown, dropped, fired, launched or somehow projected with the purpose of striking a target. Also known as guided missile or ballistic missile. The term "missile" should not be loosely used as a synonym for rocket, spacecraft, or launch vehicle. DEF: NONE MISSION The carrying out of a set of investigations or operations in space for the purpose of achieving program goals. A mission may only require part of a flight or several flights to accomplish the program goals, thereby distinguishing a "mission" from a "flight", which is a single Space Shuttle round trip. DEF: NONE MISSION CONTROL CENTER (MCC) The NASA facility that provides all support for prelaunch, ascent reentry and landing phases of a flight. Mission control is responsible for providing systems monitoring and contingency support for all Space Transportation System (STS) elements, communications with the crew and onboard systems, as well as performing flight data collection and coodination of flight operations. DEF: NONE MISSION SPECIALIST Member of the Space Shuttle crew responsible for coordinating the overall payload/Space Transportation System interaction. During the payload operation phase of a flight, the mission specialist directs the allocation of STS and crew resources to accomplish the combined payload objectives. He/she is also responsible for coordinating overall Orbiter operations in the areas of crew planning, consumables usage and other activities that affect payload operations. DEF: NONE MISSION STATION (MS) An area located aft of the pilot's station on the right side of the Orbiter's flight deck. It has displays and controls for Orbiter-to-payload interfaces and payload subsystems, as well as an auxiliary caution-and-warning display that alerts the crew to critical malfunctions in the payload systems. The mission specialist typically performs payload support operations from the location. DEF: NONE MOBILE LAUNCH PLATFORM A structure on which the components of the Space Shuttle are stacked in the Vehicle Assembly Building and subsequently moved to the launch pad at Kennedy Space Center. DEF: NONE MOBILITY AID Hand and foot-rails that help crew members move around the spacecraft. DEF: NONE MOON The Earth's only naturally occuring satellite, with a diameter of 3476 km, its surface consisting of alumina-rich rocks, and marl made up of volcanic melts that surfaced some 3.5 billion years ago. DEF: NONE MULTIMISSION MODULAR SPACECRAFT (MMS) A spacecraft designed by the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md., to serve a variety of missions launched from the Space Shuttle. The MMS uses standard modules for basic spacecraft functions, and integrates these modules with mission-unique equipment into a particular MMS spacecraft. The MMS can be used in low-Earth-orbit (LEO) or in geosynchronous orbit (GEO) in support of different types of research and remote sensing missions. DEF: NONE MULTISTAGE LAUNCH A launch using several stages to boost the payload into orbit. Once the first-stage booster has used its fuel, it is dropped and the secondary booster is fired. When the second-stage booster is out of fuel, it is dropped, and so on. Multistage launching allows very high payload velocities. DEF: NONE NAVIGATIONAL PLANETS The four planets commonly used in air and celestial surface navigation: Mars, Venus, Jupiter and Saturn. DEF: NONE NAVSTAR GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM Formerly used exclusively by the US military, NAVSTAR provides pinpoint locations for objects on the surface of the earth using tracking data from the many satellites in the system. DEF: NONE NEPTUNE The eighth major planet from the Sun, Neptune has an atmosphere where methane has been detected. Hydrogen and helium are believed to be the main constituents of the planet. It has two known satellites, Triton and Nereid. Its diameter is 49,500 km. DEF: NONE NEUTRAL BUOYANCY SIMULATOR A training activity that uses objects immersed in water to simulate weightlessness in space. Astronauts move the objects under water, or may wear a pressurized suit to allow for free-floating under the water themselves. DEF: NONE NOZZLE Aft portion of the thrust chamber that controls the expansion of exhaust products so the thermal energy produced in the combustion chamber is efficiently converted to kinetic energy, thereby giving thrust to the vehicle. DEF: NONE NUCLEAR-ELECTRIC ROCKET ENGINE A rocket engine having a nuclear reactor to generate the electricity that is used in an electric propulsion system. DEF: NONE OMS DELTA-V KIT An optional Space Shuttle flight kit consisting of auxiliary propellant tanks that can be added to the basic orbital maneuvering subsystem. Each tank can be used to increase orbital velocity by 500 ft. per second (152 m/sec.). DEF: NONE OPERATIONAL BIOINSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM (OBS) Instrumentation that provides an amplified ECG (electrocardiograph) signal from any two crewmembers on board the Shuttle and transmits it to Shuttle avionics where it is sent to the ground in real time or stored on tape. DEF: NONE ORBIT In astronomy and space science the path followed by a satellite (such as the Moon) around an astronomical body (such at the Earth). When a body in space is moving around a primary body under the influence of gravitational force alone, its path is known as an orbit. DEF: NONE ORBITAL MANEUVERING SYSTEMS Two engines, located in the external pods on each side of the aft fuselage of the Orbiter, that provide thrust for orbit insertion, orbit change, orbit transfer, rendezvous and de-orbit. The orbital maneuvering engines can provide a velocity change of 1000 feet per second (305 m./sec.) when the Orbiter carries a payload of 65,000 lb. (29,500 kg.) DEF: NONE ORBITAL MOTION Continuous motion such as a circle or an ellipse on a closed path. DEF: NONE OXIDIZER A material that supplies oxygen or other oxidizing materials for deflagration (a burning process where large quantities of gas and energy are released rapidly) of a sold propellant or combustion of a liquid fuel. DEF: NONE PAD DEGREE Water sprayed on some launch pads during the launch of a rocket in order to reduce the temperatures of critical parts of the pad or rocket. DEF: NONE PALLET An unpressurized platform installed in the Orbiter cargo bay for mounting instruments and equipment that require direct exposure to space. DEF: NONE PARAGLIDER A vehicle with flexible wings and kite-like design used in a recovery system for launch vehicles or as an entry vehicle. DEF: NONE PAYLOAD Originally referred to the revenue-producing portion of an aircraft's load, such as passengers, cargo and mail. In Space Transportation System terminology, the payload is defined as the total complement of specific instruments, space equipment, support hardware and consumables carried in the Orbiter to accomplish a particular activity in space. DEF: NONE PAYLOAD CARRIER One of the major classes of standard payload carriers certified for use with the Space Shuttle for economical payload operations. The carriers are classified as habitable modules (Spacelab), or as attached but uninhabitable modules. DEF: NONE PAYLOAD RETENTION SUBSYSTEM (PRS) Remotely controlled retention latches that hold down or release payload items, but do not transmit Orbiter stresses (like bending) to the payload. DEF: NONE PAYLOAD SPECIALIST A non-career astronaut who flies on the Space Shuttle as a passenger and is responsible for reaching the goals of the payload/experiment objectives. He/she is the onboard expert scientist in charge of payload/experiment operations. DEF: NONE PAYLOAD SUPPORT EQUIPMENT (PSE) Equipment used on the Shuttle flight to support the payload, such as caution and warning systems, data recording, controlled functions and instrumentation. DEF: NONE PAYLOAD SYSTEM The combination of spacecraft, instrument module and other mission-unique equipment that are used together to meet a certain mission objective. DEF: NONE PERTURBATION 1. Any departure from an assumed steady state of a system or a minor departure from the nominal path, such as a desired trajectory. 2. A disturbance in the motion of a celestial body, resulting from a force additional to that which causes the usual motion, specifically, a gravitational force. DEF: NONE PILOT Second in command on a Space Shuttle flight. The pilot assists the commander as required in conducting all segments of the Orbiter flight. He/she has authority and responsibilities as are dedicated to him or her by the commander. DEF: NONE PILOT PARACHUTE A smaller parachute used to pull a main parachute, or drogue, from stowage. DEF: NONE PIONEER A series of NASA probes launched in the late 1950's through the mid-70's designed to explore the solar system. They explored the Van Allen radiation belt and monitored activity in the solar system. Pioneer 10 and 11 made extensive observations of Jupiter and Saturn. DEF: NONE PIONEER-VENUS PROBES Two probes launched in 1978 for the specific purpose of observing Venus. Information gathered by the probes made a significant difference to previous astronomical theories about the planet. DEF: NONE PITCHOVER A programmed turn that a rocket or launch vehicle makes from the verticle as it describes an arc and points in a direction other than verticle. DEF: NONE PLANETARY BOUNDARY LAYER The layer of atmosphere from a planet's surface to the geostrophic wind level. The "free atmosphere" is above this layer. DEF: NONE PLANET FALL The landing of a spacecraft on the surface of a planet. DEF: NONE PLUTO The ninth planet in our solar system, roughly half the diameter of Earth's, or approx. 4000 miles (6400 km). It is covered with methane ice and has one satellite named Charon. DEF: NONE PNEUMATIC CONTROL ASSEMBLY (PCA) A segment of the Space Shuttle Main Engine that controls ground-supplied gaseous used for engine prestart purges and vehicle-supplied helium for the operational purge, controls the oxidizer bleed valve and fuel bleed valve, and provides emergency shutdown control of the main propellant valves should there be electrical power loss to the engine. DEF: NONE POSIGRADE ROCKET An auxiliary rocket that fires in the direction of the vehicle's flight, for example, in separating two stages of a vehicle. DEF: NONE PREBURNERS Fuel and oxygen preburners that provide hydrogen-rich hot gases at approx. 1030 K (760 C or 1400 F). Gases in the preburners, which are found on each Space Shuttle Main Engine, drive the fuel and oxidizer high-pressure turbopumps. DEF: NONE PRESSURE-LADEN SEQUENCE A method of effecting fail-safe engine starts by sequencing the operation of rocket engine control valves; the sequencing being achieved by vent mechanisms on the control system or propellant feed system (or both) that are triggered by pressure changes. DEF: NONE PRIME MERIDIAN The zero meridian of longitude passes through Greenwich, England, and is adopted as a standard east-west reference. DEF: NONE PRIMITIVE ATMOSPHERE A celestial body's atmosphere as it existed in the early stages of its formation. DEF: NONE PROPELLANT Any material such as a fuel, an oxidizer, an additive, a catalyst or any compound or mixture of such, carried in a rocket vehicle that releases energy during combustion and thereby provides thrust to the vehicle. Propellants may be in solid or liquid form. DEF: NONE PROPULSION SYSTEM The engines, tanks, lines, and all associated equipment necessary to provide the propulsive force for a specific vehicle. DEF: NONE PULSEJET ENGINE A compressorless jet engine in which a combustion takes place intermittently, creating thrust by a series of explosions, typically occuring at the approximate resonance frequency of the engine. The German V-1 rocket used a pulsejet engine. DEF: NONE PYROGEN A small rocket motor that is used to ignite a larger rocket motor. DEF: NONE PYROPHORIC FUEL A fuel that will ignite spontaneously in the air. DEF: NONE QUASI-STELLAR OBJECTS (QSO) Stars that may be visible or not visible, but are powerful radio sources, and have been detected with radio telescopes. DEF: NONE RADAR Radio detection and ranging. A transmitter that sends a radio pulse toward an object and measures the time interval until the reflected pulse echo) returns. The time interval indicates the range, or distance, of the object. DEF: NONE RADAR ALTITUDE The actual distance of an aircraft, aerospace vehicle, or spacecraft from the nearest terrain feature. Radar altitude is determined by a radio altimeter. DEF: NONE RADIAL VELOCITY 1. The movement of a celestial body toward or away from an observer. It is positive if receding, and negative if approaching. 2. The velocity at which two spacecraft or other objects approach or recede from one another. 3. In radar applications it is the vector component of the velocity of a moving target that is directed away from or towards the ground station. DEF: NONE RADIATION Emission and propagation of energy through matter or space by means of electromagnetic disturbances that display both wave-like and particle-like behavior, where in this instance the particles are known as "photons". Streams of fast-moving particles (alpha and beta particles, free neutrons, cosmic radiation, etc.) are also included in this term. Nuclear radiation is that which is emitted from atomic nuclei in various nuclear reactions. DEF: NONE RADIOACTIVITY The spontaneous decay or disintegration of an unstable atomic nucleus that is usually accompanied by the emission of ionizing radiation, such as gamma rays, beta particles, etc. Radioactivity occurs naturally where it is the spontaneous disintegration of naturally occuring radioisotopes, whereas radioisotopes which are made in nuclear reactors or accelerators are referred to as artificial radioactivity. DEF: NONE RADIO FREQUENCY (RF) A frequency at which coherent electromagnetic radiation of energy is applicable to communication purposes. The frequencies are measured in Hertz (one oscillation per second). DEF: NONE RADIO WAVES Electromagnetic waves that are between wavelengths of 1 millimeter and several thousand kilometers and frequencies between 300 gigahertz and a few kilohertz. The higher frequencies are used for spacecraft communications. DEF: NONE RAMJET A reaction propulsion jet engine that has a specially shaped tube or duct open at both ends into which fuel is fed at a controlled rate, and into which air needed for combustion is shoved, or "rammed" into the duct and compressed by the forward motion of the vehicle/engine assembly. The "rammed" air passes through a diffuser and is then mixed with fuel and burned, after which the combustion products are expanded in a nozzle. DEF: NONE RANGE RATE The rate at which the distance from the measuring equipment to the signal source or target being tracked is changing with respect to time. DEF: NONE RAYLEIGH ATMOSPHERE A theoretical, idealized atmosphere consisting only of particles, such as molecules, that are smaller than about one-tenth the wavelength of all radiation incident upon that atmosphere. Such a model has often served as a starting point in descriptions of the optical properties of actual atmospheres. DEF: NONE REAL TIME Where the reporting on or recording of an event is simultaneous with the events occurring; essentially, "as it happens". DEF: NONE RED FUMING NITRIC ACID (RFNA) Concentrated nitric acid (HNO3) in which nitrogen dioxide (NO2) has been dissolved for the purpose of using it as an oxidizer in liquid propellant rockets. DEF: NONE RE-ENTRY The return of a spacecraft, aerospace vehicle or other object to the sensible atmosphere after being rocketed to higher altitudes; the action involved in this event. DEF: NONE RE-ENTRY WINDOW An area at the limits of the Earth's atmosphere through which a spacecraft or aerospace vehicle in a specified trajectory can pass to accomplish successful reentry. DEF: NONE REMOTE MANIPULATOR SYSTEM (RMS) A 50-foot long (15.2 m.) arm that is remotely controlled from the aft flight deck of the Orbiter. Its articulating movements permit payloads to be grappled for deployment out of the cargo bay attach points or to be retrieved and secured for return to Earth. The RMS is operable from the shirtsleeve environment of the Orbiter cabin. DEF: NONE RENDEZVOUS Two or more spacecraft on the same orbit meeting at a preplanned location and time with essentially zero relative velocity. The spacecraft perform docking maneuvers for various reasons such as in the construction, servicing or resupply of a space station, or when the Space Shuttle Orbiter is required to perform on-orbit repair or servicing of a satellite. DEF: NONE RESTART The act of firing a stage of a rocket after a previous powered flight and a coast phase in parking orbit. DEF: NONE RETRIEVAL A process utilizing the remote manipulator system and/or other handling aids to return a captured payload to stowage or a berthed position. A payload is not considered retrieved until it is completely stowed for safe return or berthed for repair and maintenance. DEF: NONE RETROROCKET A small rocket engine on a satellite, spacecraft, or aerospace vehicle that is used to provide a retarding thrust or force opposing the object's forward motion. Such action reduces the system's velocity. DEF: NONE RETROTHRUST Thrust used for braking; a reverse thrust. DEF: NONE RISE OFF Denotes that a given event occurs only as a result of verticle vehicle motion from the launch pad. DEF: NONE ROCKET ENGINE Generally applied to a machine that burns liquid propellants, thereby requiring a complex system of tanks, ducts, pumps, flow-control devices, etc. The combustible materials (propellants) are supplied to a chamber and burned under specified conditions and the resulting thermal energy is converted to kinetic energy, or thrust, to propel the vehicle to which the engine is attached. DEF: NONE ROTATING SERVICE STRUCTURE (RSS) An environmentally controlled facility located at the launch pad that is used for inserting payloads vertically into the Orbiter cargo bay. DEF: NONE SABOT A device fitting around or in the back of a projectile in a gun barrel or launching tube to support or protect the projectile or to prevent the escape of gas ahead of it. After launching the sabot separates from the projectile. DEF: NONE SAFE/ARM SYSTEM (S/A) The mechanism in a solid-propellant igniter that in the SAFE condition physically prevents the propellant from igniting prematurely, even if the standard initiators are inadvertently fired. DEF: NONE SAFING 1. The act taken to retreat from an armed condition. 2. Procedures undertaken to eliminate or control hazards. DEF: NONE SALYUT A series of Soviet space stations, smaller than spacelab, that were placed in Earth orbit starting in April 1971. DEF: NONE SATURN Second largest planet in the Solar System and the sixth planet from the Sun. It has a diameter of 120,000 km., and is composed primarily of helium and hydrogen. Saturn is surrounded by a series of rings composed of countless low-density particles (mostly ice and frosted rock) orbiting individually around the equator at progressive distances from the cloud tops. Saturn has ten major satellites: Janus, Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys, Dione, Rhea, Titan, Hyperion, Iapetus and Phoebe. DEF: NONE SCREAMING Instability in the combustion of a liquid-propellant rocket engine, characterized by a high-pitched noise. DEF: NONE SCREECHING Combustion instability in an afterburner, of fairly high frequency and characterized by a harsh, shrill noise. DEF: NONE SCRUB The cancellation of a scheduled rocket firing, either before or during countdown. DEF: NONE SEALED CABIN The manned space of an aircraft, aerospace vehicle or spacecraft with walls that do not allow any gaseous exchange between the cabin atmosphere and its surroundings. The sealed cabin has its own mechanisms for maintenance of the cabin (inner) atmosphere. DEF: NONE SELENOGRAPHIC Of or pertaining to the physical geography of the Moon, and specifically referring to positions on the Moon measured in latitude and longitude. DEF: NONE SENSIBLE ATMOSPHERE Portion of an atmosphere that lends significant resistance to a body passing through it. DEF: NONE SHROUD LINE Any one of the cords attaching a parachute's load to its canopy. Also known as "rigging line". DEF: NONE SHUTDOWN Process of decreasing rocket engine thrust to zero. DEF: NONE SHUTTLE MISSION SIMULATOR (SMS) A computer-controlled training device that includes fully functional Orbiter forward and aft crew stations. DEF: NONE SIMULATOR Computer-dependent training facility where flight hardware responses can be imitated and used for flight practice. DEF: NONE SOLID PROPELLANT ROCKET A rocket propelled by a compound or a chemical mixture that burns without the introduction of outside oxygen. The fuel and oxidizer within the compound or mixture burn to produce hot gasses at very high pressure. DEF: NONE SOLID ROCKET BOOSTER (SRB) Boosters that contain a large solid-propellant rocket motor and are used in parallel configuration to augment the thrust of the Space Shuttle Main Engines from the launch pad through the first two minutes of powered flight. The Solid Rocket Boosters also help guide the entire vehicle during its initial ascent. After separation they are recovered and refurbished for later use. As well as the solid rocket motor (SRM) each booster contains several subsystems: the structural, thrust vector control (TVC), separation, recovery, electrical and instrumentation. DEF: NONE SOYUZ Soviet-built craft in a series of over 30 manned spacecraft that were set in Earth orbit beginning in April 1967. Each craft was composed of three sections: an orbital module, a propulsion and instrumentation section, and a reentry module. DEF: NONE SPACE CAPSULE A container used to carry out an experiment or operation in space, generally presumed to carry a living organism or equipment. DEF: NONE SPACECRAFT Generally speaking, a manned or unmanned platform designed to be placed in an orbit around the Earth or into a trajectory to another celestial body. The spacecraft itself is comprised of all the hardware that forms a space platform, as well as providing structure, wiring, thermal control and subsystem functions such as attitude control, command, data handling and power. DEF: NONE SPACELAB (SL) A flexible laboratory system that can be interchanged in various configurations to meet the particular needs of a space flight. It includes a habitable module in which scientists can work in a shirt-sleeve environment, and platforms, known as pallets, which can be placed in the Shuttle cargo bay behind the module. The pallets hold instruments that require direct exposure to space. Some missions may only require the pallets to be sent into space without the habitable module, in which case it is still called Spacelab. DEF: NONE SPACE NUCLEAR PROPULSION Use of nuclear reactors to propel a space vehicle by generating electrical power for an electric propulsion unit or as a source of thermal energy to heat a propellant to very high temperatures for subsequent expulsion from a nozzle. DEF: NONE SPACE OPERATIONS CENTER (SOC) The earth-based command and control center for orbiting vehicles. DEF: NONE SPACE TELESCOPE (ST) Because the atmosphere diffuses any image of celestial objects viewed from the ground, astronomers have long preferred to maintain orbiting telescopes, of all types, whose vision of the stars is unaffected by the vacuum of space. DEF: NONE SPIN ROCKET A small rocket that gives spin to a larger rocket or spacecraft. DEF: NONE SPIN STABILIZATION The directional stability of a spacecraft obtained by the action of gyroscopic forces resulting from spinning the body around its axis of symmetry. DEF: NONE SPUTNIK I A Soviet-Union project that became the first man-made object to be placed in orbit around the Earth. It was launched on October 4th, 1957 and reentered the Earth's atmosphere and burned up on January 4th, 1958. DEF: NONE STAGE-AND-A-HALF A portion of the liquid rocket propulsion unit which falls away from the rocket vehicle during flight. DEF: NONE STAGED COMBUSTION The cycle of a rocket engine where propellants are partly burned in a preburner prior to being burned in the combustion chamber. DEF: NONE SUPERIOR PLANETS Planets in the solar system with orbits larger than Earth's: Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. DEF: NONE SUPERSONIC Of, pertaining to, or dealing with speeds greater than the acoustic velocity (the speed of sound). DEF: NONE SURVEYOR A project begun in 1960 consisting of seven unmanned spacecraft which were launched between May 1966 and January 1968. The Surveyor Project craft were used to develop lunar softlanding techniques, to survey potential Apollo landing sites and to gather scientific information about the Moon. DEF: NONE SUSTAINER ENGINE An auxiliary booster engine in a propulsion system that provides thrust after the main booster engines have stopped firing. DEF: NONE SYSTEM One of the main functional components making up the project hardware and related operational services within a project or flight mission. A system is usually the first major subdivision of a project, with a subsystem being a major functioning entity within a system. DEF: NONE SYSTEMS TUNNEL A tunnel inside each Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster that provides protection and mechanical support for the cables associated with the electrical and instrumentation subsystem, as well as the linear-shaped explosive charge of the range safety system. DEF: NONE SZYGY Point of orbit of a planet or satellite at which it is in conjunction or opposition, used chiefly in reference to the points occupied by the Moon at new and full phase. DEF: NONE TAILOFF The period of decay in rocket motor thrust after the propellant burning time has ended. DEF: NONE TANDEM LAUNCH The launching of two or more spacecraft or satellites by the use of a single launch vehicle. DEF: NONE TERRESTRIAL PLANETS The inner planets, which are similar to Earth in their general properties (i.e. small, relatively high-density bodies, made up of metals and silicates with shallow atmospheres). The terrestrial planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. DEF: NONE TETHERED SATELLITE SYSTEM Several space shuttle experiments plan to use a tethered satellite. Released from the payload bay of the shuttle and held to it by a long wire, or tether, researchers plan to discover whether an electrical current can be generated from the interaction of the tether and the earth's magnetic field. DEF: NONE THROTTLING Varying the thrust by a rocket engine during powered flight. Several methods may be employed to alter the thrust such as tightening of fuel lines, changing of thrust chamber pressure, pulsed thrust and variation of nozzle expansion. DEF: NONE THRUST Propulsive force developed by a rocket engine during firing. DEF: NONE TOUCHDOWN The actual moment of landing on the surface of a planet or moon. DEF: NONE TRACKING AND DATA RELAY SATELLITE SYSTEM (TDRSS) NASA's ground controllers maintain orbital information of flying shuttles via the TDRSS network of satellites. The satellites send radio signals back to earth-based tracking stations on the whereabouts of the orbiting craft. DEF: NONE TRAJECTORY The path made by any body moving as a result of an externally applied force, considered in three dimensions. A trajectory is not a closed path, as is an orbit. DEF: NONE TRANSLUNAR Pertaining to space outside of the Moon's orbit around the Earth. DEF: NONE TRANSONIC The range of speed in which flow patterns change from subsonic to supersonic or vice versa at about Mach 0.8 to 1.2. DEF: NONE TUNNEL ADAPTER A Space Transportation System flight kit that is used for attaching the Orbiter airlock to the Spacelab tunnel. It is a standard flight kit for Spacelab. DEF: NONE TURBOPUMP SYSTEM The assemblage of propellant pumps, turbine(s), power source, and other components designed to raise the pressure of the propellants received from the vehicle's tanks and deliver them to the main thrust chamber at specified pressures and flow rates. DEF: NONE ULTRAHIGH FREQUENCY (UHF) Radio frequencies between 0.3 gigahertz to 3 gigahertz. DEF: NONE ULTRASONIC Frequencies above the range of human hearing (more than 20,000 hertz). DEF: NONE UMBILICAL An electrical or fluid servicing line between the ground or tower and an upright rocket vehicle before launch. DEF: NONE URANUS The seventh major planet, with a diameter of 52,400 km. Its mass is 14.6 times that of Earth's, and has methane in its very clear and deep atmosphere. Uranus has five satellites: Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania and Oberon. DEF: NONE UNIVERSAL HATCHES D-shaped hatches in the airlock that allow for the airlock to be mounted in the Orbiter cabin or in the cargo bay. DEF: NONE UNIVERSAL TIME (UT) Time determined by the rotation of the Earth and the apparent daily motions that reflect this rotation. Also called "Greenwich mean time." DEF: NONE UPLINK DATA Information passed from a ground station on Earth to a spacecraft, probe or space platform. DEF: NONE UPPER ATMOSPHERE The outer layers of the Earth's atmosphere, approx. above 18.6 miles (30 km). It includes a portion of the stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and the exosphere. DEF: NONE VANGUARD PROJECT A U.S. space program begun in 1958 to study the shape, surface and interior of the Earth. The Vanguard rocket was a 3-stage vehicle standing 70.8 ft (21.6m) high and weighing 20,000 lbs. (10,000 kg). First launched in March 1958, it eventually orbited three satellites. DEF: NONE VEHICLE Generally referring to an aerospace structure, machine or device (such as a rocket) that is designed to carry a payload through the atmosphere and/or space. Specifically a rocket vehicle. DEF: NONE VENUS The second major planet from the Sun, and closest to Earth. It has a diameter of 12,102 km. Its atmosphere is almost 100 times denser than Earth's, and is 97% carbon dioxide. The surface of Venus is extremely hot (up to 850 F, or 455 C), due to the greenhouse effect from carbon dioxide and water vapor in the atmosphere. DEF: NONE VERTICAL ASSEMBLY BUILDING (VAB) Where Shuttle elements are stacked onto the mobile launch platform near the Kennedy Space Center. The high-bay building is also used for the vertical stoarage of the External Tank. DEF: NONE VERTICAL STABILIZER The fin and rudder assembly of an aerodynamic vehicle. On the Space Shuttle Orbiter the vertical stabilizer consists of a structural fin, the rudder/speed-brake (the rudder splits in half for speed-brake control) and the systems for positioning the rudder/speed-brake control surface. DEF: NONE VIKING A project included a series of missions to explore Mars. Two identical Viking spacecraft were launched and were the first unmanned craft to operate on the surface of another planet for more than a few minutes. Viking I reached Mars orbit in June 1976, and Viking 2 started its Mars orbit in August 1976. The first landing on Mars occurred in July, 1976. DEF: NONE VOSTOK A series of Soviet manned spacecraft. The first of six was launched in April 1961. DEF: NONE VOYAGER A NASA mission for the exploration of outer planets. Voyagers 1 and 2 completed successful fly-bys of Jupiter in 1979 and Saturn in 1980 and 1981. Voyager 2 reached Uranus in January 1986 and Neptune in August 1989. DEF: NONE WET EMPLACEMENT A launch pad designed to produce a deluge of water for cooling the flame bucket, rocket engines, and other equipment during the launch of a missile. DEF: NONE YAW The angular motion of a vehicle around a vertical axis through its midpoint or center of gravity and perpendicular to the longitudinal axis. DEF: NONE ZENITH The point of the celestial sphere vertically overhead. The point at 180 degrees from the zenith is called the "nadir". DEF: NONE ZERO-G The condition of free fall and weightlessness. When no forces exist on objects in a spacecraft they are in "zero-g". DEF: NONE Abrahamson, James Alan (Abe) Lieutenant General, US Air Force (ret.) Date of Birth: May 19, 1933 Place of Birth: Williston, ND, USA Spouse: Mrs. Barbara Jean Northcott Abrahamson (deceased) Children: Kelly Anne, James Alan III As the associate administrator for NASA's space transportation systems, Abrahamson was responsible for the space shuttle from November 1981 to April 1984. Abrahamson, subsequent to his NASA post, became the director of the Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (SDIO--"Star Wars") until January 1989. DEF: NONE Acton, Loren Wilber Ph.D., Astro-Geophysics Date of Birth: March 7, 1936 Place of Birth: Lewiston, MO, USA Spouse: Mrs. Evelyn Oldenburger Acton Children: Cheryll Anne, Stanley Scott Acton served as a payload specialist , along with John-David F. Bartoe, on STS-51F/Spacelab 2. Both specialists conducted 13 different experiments. The solar optical telescope that the men operated recorded more images of the sun than the telescopes of Skylab, which was in operation for 171 days. DEF: NONE Adams, Michael James (Mike) Major, US Air Force (deceased) Date of Birth: May 5, 1930 Date of Death: November 15, 1967 Place of Birth: Sacramento, CA, USA Spouse: Mrs. Freida Beard Adams Children: Michael James jr., Brent S. and Liese F. Adams Adams was chosen as one of the original eight Group 1 pilot astronauts for the Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL). However, the program was repeatedly delayed, and the pilot transferred to the X-15 program, where he made a total of seven flights in the No. 1 and No. 3 aircraft. On his last, fatal flight, Adams achieved an altitude of 50 miles, logging over four minutes of spaceflight. DEF: NONE Adamson, James Craig (Jim) Colonel, US Army (active) Date of Birth: March 3, 1946 Place of Birth: Warsaw, NY, USA Spouse: Mrs. Susan Broman Adamson Children: Erik David Adamson has been a member of the Space Shuttle program since 1980. He has tested a variety of the shuttle systems and was chosen as a NASA leader in the rebuilding of the shuttle program after the Challenger accident. Later, Adamson was chosen as a mission specialist and served on STS-28 and STS-43. DEF: NONE Afanasyev, Viktor Mikhailovich (Vitya) Colonel, Russian Air Force (active) Date of Birth: December 31, 1948 Place of Birth: Bryansk, Bryansk Oblast, Russia Afanasyev served as backup commander for Soyuz flights TM-9 and TM-10. On Soyuz TM-11/Mir, the pilot was given command. DEF: NONE Akbar, Taufic Date of Birth: January 8, 1951 Place of Birth: Medan, Republic of Indonesia Spouse: Mrs. Junaini Harun Akbar Children: Zulhafiz Akbar, Naufal Mulya Akbar was to be a payload specialist for STS-61-H which was cancelled after the Challenger accident. DEF: NONE Akers, Thomas Dale (Tom) Major, US Air Force (active) Date of Birth: May 20, 1951 Place of Birth: St. Louis, MO, USA Spouse: Mrs. Kaye Lynn Parker Akers Children: David Allen, Jessica Marie Akers served as a mission specialist on STS-41/Ulysses and STS-49, the maiden voyage of the Space Shuttle Endeavor. DEF: aks.bmp Aksenov, Vladimir Viktorovich (Volodya) Cand. Sc. Date of Birth: February 1, 1935 Place of Birth: Gibilitskiy, Kasimov District, Ryazan Oblast, Russia Spouse: Mrs. Marina Vasilyevna Aksenov Children: Valery, Sergei Aksenov was launched aboard Soyuz 22 where he acted as flight engineer. Again, the cosmonaut participated as flight engineer on the Soyuz T-2/Salyut 6 mission. This last mission was the first test of a new on-board computer that malfunctioned causing Aksenov and Commander Yuri V. Malyshev to dock manually with Salyut 6. 284 hours, 11 minutes, 47 seconds space time logged DEF: NONE Aldridge, Edward Cleveland jr. (Pete) civilian Date of Birth: August 18, 1938 Place of Birth: Houston, Texas, USA Spouse: Mrs. Joanne Knotts Aldridge Children: four, unreported Aldridge was chosen as a payload specialist for STS 62-A, the first scheduled launch from Vandenburg AFB in California. After the Challenger Accident, the launch was delayed and finally cancelled. The astronaut, however, served in a variety of posts in the Reagan and Bush Administrations' space policy. Former Vice President Dan Quayle, in 1990, chose Aldridge to serve on the Advisory Committee on the Future of the US Space Program. DEF: ald.bmp Aldrin, Edwin Eugene jr. (Buzz/Dr. Rendezvous) Colonel, US Air Force Date of Birth: January 20, 1930 Place of Birth: Montclair, New Jersey, USA Spouse: Mrs. Joan Ann Archer (divorced), Mrs. Beverly Van Zile (divorced), Mrs. Lois Driggs Aldrin Children: James Michael, Janice Ross, Andrew John Aldrin served as Backup Pilot for Gemini GT-10 and GT-9A after Elliot M. See jr. and Charles A. Bassett II were killed in an aircraft accident. The astronaut piloted the last Gemini mission, GT-12, and performed the first extravehicular activity spending 5.5 hours outside the capsule. His next assignment was as Backup Senior Pilot for Apollo 8. The last mission Aldrin was to perform was as the Lunar Module Pilot for Apollo 11 and became the second person to walk on the moon. 289 hours, 53 minutes, 6 seconds space time logged including 8 hours, 18 minutes EVA activity DEF: aleks.bmp Aleksandrov, Aleksander Pavlovich (Sashenka, Sasha) civilian Date of Birth: February 20, 1943 Place of Birth: Moscow, Russia Spouse: Mrs. Natalya Valentinovna Aleksandrov Children: Sergei, Yrina Aleksandrov served as Backup Cosmonaut-Researcher for Soyuz T-8. His first flight assignment was aboard Soyuz T-9/Salyut 7 as Flight Engineer. On Soyuz T-13 and T-15, the cosmonaut served as Backup Flight Engineer. His last mission was as Flight Engineer for Soyuz TM-3/Mir. 7,433 hours, 3 minutes space time logged DEF: alex.bmp Alexandrov, Alexander Panayotov (Sasha) Major Engineer, Bulgarian Air Force Date of Birth: December 1, 1951 Place of Birth: Omourtag, Bulgaria Spouse: Mrs. Blagovesta Alexandrov Children: Panayot The cosmonaut served as Backup Cosmonaut-Researcher for Soyuz 33. Alexandrov was launched aboard Soyuz TM-5/Mir/Soyuz where he worked as Cosmonaut-Researcher. DEF: NONE Allen, Andrew Michael (Andy) Major, US Marine Corps Date of Birth: August 4, 1955 Place of Birth: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA Spouse: Mrs. Juliet F. Allen Children: Jessica Marie, Meredith Frances The astronaut was Mission Specialist 1, then reassigned as Pilot, for STS-46/TSS-1. This shuttle mission featured the Tethered Satellite System, a satellite that was deployed from the payload on a 19.3km tether. The TSS was designed to collect data in the earth's upper atmosphere. Unfortunately, the tether failed to uncoil properly causing the entire experiment to fail. DEF: sts_5c.bmp Allen, Joseph Percival IV (Joe) Ph.D. Nuclear Physics Date of Birth: June 27, 1937 Place of Birth: Crawfordsville, Indiana, USA Spouse: Mrs. Bonnie Jo Allen Children: David Christopher, Elizabeth Darling Allen was a member of Apollo 15's Support Crew. His flight missions were STS-5, Mission Specialist 1, and STS 51-A, Mission Specialist 3. On STS 51-A, the astronaut participated in two spacewalks to retrieve the Palapa B-2 and Westar communications satellites. 313 hours, 59 minutes, 22 seconds space time logged including 10 hours, 43 minutes of EVA activity DEF: alsa.bmp al-Saud, H.R.H., Prince Sultan (ibn Salman ibn Abdulaziz) Major, Royal Saudi Air Force Date of Birth: June 27, 1956 Place of Birth: Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Al-Saud was Payload Specialist 2 for STS 51-G becoming the first Arab to travel in space. DEF: and.bmp Anders, William Alison (Bill) Major General, US Air Force Reserve Date of Birth: October 17, 1933 Place of Birth: Hong Kong; His father was stationed there as a Naval officer. Spouse: Mrs. Valerie Elizabeth Anders Children: Alan Frank, Glen Thomas, Gayle Alison, Gregory Michael, Eric William, Diana Elizabeth Anders served as Backup Pilot for Gemini GT-11. The astronaut, as Apollo 8's Pilot, became one of three of the first people to orbit the moon. For Apollo 11, Anders was the Backup Command Module Pilot. 147 hours, 42 seconds space time logged DEF: apt.bmp Apt, Jerome III (Jay) Ph.D. Physics Date of Birth: April 28, 1949 Place of Birth: Springfield, Massachusetts, USA Spouse: Mrs. Eleanor B. Emmons-Apt Children: Sarah Bradlee Apt served as Mission Specialist 3 aboard STS-37/GRO. Also, the astronaut participated in the joint NASA and Japanese space agency mission STS-47/Spacelab J as Mission Specialist 4. 143 hours, 33 minutes, 41 seconds space time logged including 10 hours, 39 minutes EVA activity DEF: arms.bmp Armstrong, Neil Alden civilian, former officer of the US Navy Date of Birth: August 5, 1930 Place of Birth: Wapakoneta, Ohio, USA Spouse: Mrs. Janet Armstrong Children: Eric, Mark, Karen (died as an infant) The former X-15 pilot served as Backup Command Pilot for Gemini GT-5, Gemini GT-8 and Apollo 8. His first launch was as Command Pilot for Gemini GT-11. Armstrong served as Commander of Apollo 11 where he became the first man to walk on the surface of the moon. 3,290 flight hours logged including 2,500 hours in jet aircraft 206 hours, 1 second space time logged including 2 hours, 48 minutes of EVA activity DEF: NONE Artsebarsky, Anatoly Pavlovich (Tolya) Lieutenant Colonel, Soviet Air Force Date of Birth: September 9, 1956 Place of Birth: Prosyanaya, Dnepropetrovsk Oblast, Ukraine The cosmonaut served as Backup Commander for Soyuz TM-10 and Soyuz TM-11. His first flight was as Commander for Soyuz TM-12. Artsebarsky had to be rescued by fellow Cosmonaut Krikalev when his visor became fogged as he was atop a tower construction he had built outside the station. DEF: arty.bmp Artyukin, Yuri Petrovich (Yura) Colonel Engineer, Soviet Air Force Reserve; Cand. Sc. Technology Date of Birth: July 22, 1930 Place of Birth: Lavrovo, Moscow Oblast, Russia Spouse: Mrs. Nina Ivanovna Artyukin Children: Sergei, Vladimir The cosmonaut, on Soyuz 14/Salyut 3, participated as Flight Engineer. 377 hours, 30 minutes, 28 seconds space time logged. DEF: atk.bmp Atkov, Oleg Yuryevich Major, Soviet Air Force Reserve; Cand. Sc. Medicine Date of Birth: May 9, 1949 Place of Birth: Khvorostyanka, Kuybyshev Oblast, Russia Spouse: Mrs. Yevgenia Atkov Children: Katya Soyuz T-10/Salyut 7/Soyuz T-11 was Atkov's first space flight where served as Cosmonaut-Researcher. 5,686 hours, 49 minutes, 4 seconds space time logged; the manned space flight endurance record DEF: NONE Aubakirov, Toktar Ongarbyevich civilian; Soviet Air Force Officer Date of Birth: July 27, 1946 Place of Birth: Ersten-Mai-Kolchose, Karaganda Oblast, Kazakhstan The cosmonaut served as Flight Engineer on Soyuz TM-13. DEF: bag.bmp Bagian, James Philip (Jim) Lieutenant Colonel, US Air Force Reserve; M.D., P.E. (Professional Engineer) Date of Birth: February 22, 1952 Place of Birth: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA Spouse: Mrs. Tandi M. Bagian Children: Krista Rose, Kimberly Anne, Brian James Bagian worked as Mission Specialist 3 aboard STS-29, and Mission Specialist 1 aboard STS-40/SLS-1. 337 hours, 54 minutes, 55 seconds space time logged DEF: NONE Baker, Ellen Shulman M.D. Date of Birth: April 27, 1953 Place of Birth: Fayetteville, North Carolina, USA Spouse: Mr. Kenneth J. Baker Children: Karen Sarah The astronaut was Mission Specialist 3 on the shuttle mission STS-34/Galileo. As well, Baker served as Mission Specialist 1 for STS-50/USML-1. DEF: bak.bmp Baker, Michael Allen (Mike) Commander, US Navy Date of Birth: October 27, 1953 Place of Birth: Memphis, Tennessee, USA Spouse: Ms. Karen Ruth Love (divorced), Mrs. Deidra A. Baker Children: Lesley Anne, Jane Ashley Baker served as Pilot for both STS-43 and STS-52/LAGEOS II. DEF: NONE Balandin, Aleksander Nicholaivich (Sasha) civilian Date of Birth: July 30, 1953 Place of Birth: Fryazino, Moscow Oblast, Russia Spouse: Mrs. Lidia Vasilyevna Balandin Children: Yulia, Alexei The cosmonaut worked as Backup Flight Engineer for Soyuz TM-8. His first flight was as Flight Engineer for Soyuz TM-9/Mir. 4,297 hours, 19 minutes space time logged DEF: NONE Bartoe, John-David Francis Ph.D. Physics Date of Birth: November 17, 1944 Place of Birth: Abington, Pennsylvania, USA Spouse: Mrs. Phyllis Ann Bartoe Children: David Alan, Kevin John, Joelle Elizabeth Bartoe served as Payload Specialist 2 aboard STS 51-F/Spacelab 2. DEF: bas.bmp Bassett, Charles Arthur II (Charlie/Chuck) Major, US Air Force Date of Birth: December 30, 1931 Place of Birth: Dayton, Ohio, USA Date of Death: February 28, 1966 Spouse: Mrs. Jean Marion Bassett Children: Karen Elizabeth, Peter Martin Bassett was chosen as a NASA pilot-astronaut (Group 3). While attempting to land, with co-pilot Elliot M. See jr., in heavy fog, Bassett accidentally struck the roof of the McDonnell Aircraft Corp. factory at Lambert-St. Louis Municipal Airport. DEF: bau.bmp Baudry, Patrick (Pierre Roger) Lieutenant Colonel, French Air Force Date of Birth: March 6, 1946 Place of Birth: Douala, United Republic of Cameroons (parents French citizens) Spouse: Mrs. Claude Baudry Children: Melodie, Tatiana Baudry served as Backup Research Pilot for the Soviet Soyuz T-6 mission. Also, the spationaute was Payload Specialist 1 for the US shuttle mission STS 51-G. 169 hours, 38 minutes, 52.4 seconds space time logged DEF: bean.bmp Bean, Alan LaVern (Al) Captain, US Navy (retired) Date of Birth: March 15, 1932 Place of Birth: Wheeler, Texas, USA Spouse: Ms. Sue Ragsdale (divorced) Children: Clay Arnold, Amy Sue On Gemini GT-10, Bean served as Backup Command Pilot. For Apollo 9, he was Backup Lunar Module Pilot. His first flight was on Apollo 12 as Lunar Module Pilot. As well, Bean acted as Commander for Skylab SL-3/Skylab SL-1. Finally, the astronaut served as Backup Commander for Apollo 18 ASTP. 1,671 hours, 45 minutes, 29 seconds space time logged including 10 hours, 27 minutes of EVA activity DEF: bely.bmp Belyayev, Pavel Ivanovich (Pasha) Colonel, Soviet Naval Air Force Date of Birth: June 26, 1925 Place of Birth: Chelischevo, Vologda Oblast, Russia Date of Death: January 10, 1970 Spouse: Mrs. Tatyana (Tanya) Filipovna Belyayev Children: Irina, Lyudmilla The cosmonaut was the Commander of Voshkod 2. He died of peritonitis caused by a severe bleeding ulcer in Moscow. 26 hours, 2 minutes, 17 seconds space time logged DEF: bere.bmp Beregovoy, Georgei Timofeyevich (Zhora) Lieutenant General, Soviet Air Force (retired) Date of Birth: April 15, 1921 Place of Birth: Fedorovka Karlovka, Poltava Oblast, Ukraine Spouse: Mrs. Lidiya Matveyevna Beregovoy Children: Viktor, Lyudmilla Beregovoy became Pilot of Soyuz 3 after the death of Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin. He became the first Soviet test pilot to fly in space. 94 hours, 50 minutes, 45 seconds space time logged DEF: berz.bmp Berezovoy, Anatoli Nicholaivich (Tolya) Colonel, Soviet Air Force Date of Birth: April 11, 1942 Place of Birth: Enem, Adygei Autonomous Oblast, Russia Spouse: Mrs. Lidia Berezovoy Children: Sergei, Tatyana Berezovoy participated as Backup Commander for Soyuz 21, Soyuz 23, Soyuz 24, Soyuz T-11 and Soyuz TM-6. The cosmonaut served as Commander for Soyuz T-5/Salyut 7/ Soyuz T-7. 5,073 hours, 4 minutes, 32 seconds space time logged DEF: blaha.bmp Blaha, John Elmer Colonel, US Air Force Date of Birth: August 26, 1942 Place of Birth: San Antonio, Texas, USA Spouse: Mrs. Brenda I. Blaha Children: James H., Steven A., Carolyn A. Blaha piloted STS-29, STS-40/SLS-1 and STS-33. He served as Commander for STS-43. 453 hours, 7 minutes, 52 seconds space time logged DEF: bluf.bmp Bluford, Guion Stewart jr. (Guy/Bunny) Ph.D. Aerospace Engineering; Colonel, US Air Force Date of Birth: November 22, 1942 Place of Birth: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA Spouse: Mrs. Linda M. Bluford Children: Guion Stewart III, James Trevor Bluford served as Mission Specialist 1 for STS-8, STS 61-A/Spacelab D-1 and STS-53. His assignment for STS-39 was Mission Specialist 3. DEF: bobko.bmp Bobko, Karol Joseph (Bo) Colonel, US Air Force (retired) Date of Birth: December 23, 1937 Place of Birth: New York, New York, USA Spouse: Mrs. Frances Diane Bobko Children: Michelle Ann, Paul Joseph Bobko's first assignment was as Support Crew for Apollo 18 ASTP. For STS-6, the astronaut served as Pilot. On the following missions, STS 51-D and STS 51-J, Bobko acted as Commander. 386 hours, 3 minutes, 43 seconds space time logged DEF: bolden.bmp Bolden, Charles Frank jr (Charlie) Colonel, US Marine Corps Date of Birth: August 19, 1946 Place of Birth: Columbia, South Carolina, USA Spouse: Mrs. Alexis "Jackie" Bolden Children: Anthony Che, Kelly M. Bolden was Pilot for STS 61-C and STS-31, and Commander for STS-45. DEF: NONE Bondar, Roberta Lynn M.D.; Ph.D. Neurobiology Date of Birth: December 4, 1945 Place of Birth: Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada Bondar served as Payload Specialist 2 for STS-42/IML-1. DEF: borman.bmp Borman, Frank Frederick II Colonel, US Air Force (retired) Date of Birth: March 14, 1928 Place of Birth: Gary, Indiana, USA Spouse: Mrs. Susan Borman Children: Frederick Pierce, Edwin Sloan Borman's first assignment was as Backup Command Pilot for Gemini GT-4. He was the Command Pilot on Gemini GT-7, and the Commander of Apollo 8. 477 hours, 35 minutes, 43 seconds space time logged DEF: NONE Bowersox, Kenneth Dwane (Ken) Lieutenant Commander, US Navy Date of Birth: November 14, 1956 Place of Birth: Portsmouth, Virginia, USA Spouse: Mrs. Ann C. Bowersox The astronaut served as Pilot for STS-50/USML-1. DEF: brand.bmp Brand, Vance DeVoe civilian; US Marine Corps (retired) Date of Birth: May 9, 1931 Place of Birth: Longmont, Colorado, USA Spouse: Ms. Joan Virginia Weninger (divorced); Mrs. Beverly Ann Brand Children: Susan Nancy, Stephanie, Patrick Richard, Kevin Stephen, Erik Ryan, Dane Vance For Apollo 8 and Apollo 13, Brand served as Support Crew. The astronaut was the Backup Command Module Pilot for Apollo 15. As well, he acted as Backup Commander for Skylab SL-3 and Skylab SL-4, and as Command Module Pilot for Apollo 18 ASTP. On the shuttle program, Brand served as Commander for STS-5, STS 41-B and STS-35/Astro 1. 746 hours, 3 minutes, 53 seconds space time logged DEF: brndst.bmp Brandenstein, Daniel Charles (Dan) Captain, US Navy Date of Birth: January 17, 1943 Place of Birth: Watertown, Wisconsin, USA Spouse: Mrs. Jane A. Brandenstein Children: Adelle The astronaut acted as Pilot for STS-8, and Commander for STS 51-G, STS-32 and STS-49. 575 hours, 49 minutes, 13.4 seconds space time logged DEF: bridge.bmp Bridges, Roy Dubard jr. Brigadier General, US Air Force Date of Birth: July 19, 1943 Place of Birth: Atlanta, Georgia, USA Spouse: Mrs. Benita Louise Bridges Children: Tanya M., Brian N. Bridges served as Pilot for STS 51-F. 190 hours, 45 minutes, 26 seconds space time logged DEF: brown.bmp Brown, Curtis Lee jr. (Curt) Major, US Air Force Date of Birth: March 11, 1956 Place of Birth: Elizabethtown, North Carolina, USA Spouse: Ms. Rebecca Melvin (divorced) Children: Gregory Scott Brown acted as Pilot for STS-47/Spacelab J. DEF: buchli.bmp Buchli, James Frederick (Jim) Colonel, US Marine Corps Date of Birth: June 20, 1945 Place of Birth: New Rockford, North Dakota, USA Spouse: Mrs. Jean Buchli Children:James C., Jennifer C. Buchli performed duties as Mission Specialist 2 for STS 51-C, STS 61-A/Spacelab D-1 and STS-48/UARS, and served as Mission Specialist 1 for STS-29. DEF: bykv.bmp Bykovsky, Valeri Fedorovich (Valera) Colonel, Soviet Air Force Reserve; Cand. Sc. Technology Date of Birth: August 2, 1934 Place of Birth: Pavlovsky Posad, Moscow Oblast, Russia Spouse: Mrs. Valentina Michailovna Bykovsky Children: Valeri (deceased), Sergei The cosmonaut served as Backup Pilot for Vostok 2 and Vostok 3, and as Pilot for Vostok 5. Bykovsky acted as Commander for Soyuz 2 (canceled), Soyuz 22, Soyuz 31/Salyut6/Soyuz 29. Finally, he served as Backup Commander for Soyuz 37. 497 hours, 48 minutes, 23 seconds space time logged DEF: cabana.bmp Cabana, Robert Donald (Bob) Lieutenant Colonel, US Marine Corps Date of Birth: January 23, 1949 Place of Birth: Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA Spouse: Mrs. Nancy Joan Cabana Children: Jeffrey David, Christopher Robert, Sarah Anne Cabana acted as Pilot for STS-41/Ulysses and STS-53. DEF: camron.bmp Cameron, Kenneth Donald (Ken) Lieutenant Colonel, US Marine Corps Date of Birth: November 29, 1949 Place of Birth: Cleveland, Ohio, USA Spouse: Mrs. Michele Renee Cameron Children: Robert Ian, Edward Ellison On STS-37/GRO, Cameron worked as Pilot. 143 hours, 33 minutes, 41 seconds space time logged DEF: carp.bmp Carpenter, Malcolm Scott Commander, US Navy Date of Birth: May 1, 1925 Place of Birth: Boulder, Colorado, USA Spouse: Ms. Rene Louise Price (divorced); Mrs. Maria Roach Carpenter Children: Marc Scott, Kristen Elaine, Candace Noxon, Robyn Jay, Matthew Scott, Nicholas Andre The astronaut served as Backup Pilot for Mercury MA-6, and piloted Mercury MA-7. 4 hours, 56 minutes, 5 seconds space time logged DEF: carr.bmp Carr, Gerald Paul (Jerry) Colonel, US Marine Corps Date of Birth: August 22, 1932 Place of Birth: Denver, Colorado, USA Spouse: Ms. JoAnn Ruth Petrie (divorced); Mrs. Patricia L. Carr Children: Jennifer Anne, Jamee Adele, Jeffrey Ernest, John Christian, Jessica Louise, Joshua Lee For Apollo 8 and Apollo 12, Carr served as Support Crew. The astronaut acted as Commander for Skylab SL-4/Skylab SL-1. 2,017 hours, 15 minutes, 30.8 seconds space time logged including 15 hours EVA activity DEF: casper.bmp Casper, John Howard Colonel, US Air Force Date of Birth: July 9, 1943 Place of Birth: Greenville, South Carolina, USA Spouse: Mrs. Christine Gardner Casper Children: Robert Cann, Stephanie Elizabeth The astronaut served as Pilot for STS-36, and Commander for STS-54. DEF: NONE Cenker, Robert Joseph (Bob) civilian Date of Birth: November 5, 1948 Place of Birth: Uniontown, Pennsylvania, USA Spouse: Mrs. Barbara Ann Cenker Children: Daniel Joseph, Brian Joseph, Laura Ann Cenker acted as Payload Specialist 1 for STS 61-C. 146 hours, 3 minutes, 51 seconds space time logged DEF: cernan.bmp Cernan, Eugene Andrew (Gene) Captain, US Navy (retired) Date of Birth: March 14, 1934 Place of BIrth: Chicago, Illinois, USA Spouse: Ms. Barbara Jean Atchley; Mrs. Jan Cernan Children: Teresa Dawn Cernan worked as Backup Pilot for Gemini GT-9, Gemini GT-12 and Apollo 7. He piloted Gemini GT-9A, and was the Lunar Module Pilot for Apollo 10. For Apollo 14, Cernan acted as Backup Commander, and finally served as Commander on Apollo 17. 566 hours, 16 minutes, 10 seconds space time logged including 24 hours, 11 minutes EVA activity DEF: chafee.bmp Chaffee, Roger Bruce Lieutenant Commander, US Navy Date of Birth: February 15, 1935 Place of Birth: Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA Date of Death: January 27, 1967 Spouse: Mrs. Martha Louise Chaffee Children: Sheryl Lyn, Stephen Bruce Chaffee served as Pilot for Apollo 1 which was not an actual spaceflight. The astronaut was killed during training in the Apollo 1 (Apollo 204) simulator. DEF: chang.bmp Chang-Diaz, Franklin Ramon Sc.D. Apllied Plasma Physics Date of Birth: April 5, 1950 Place of Birth: San Jose, Republic of Costa Rica (naturalized US citizen) Spouse: unspecified first wife; Mrs. Peggy Marguerite Chang-Diaz Children: Jean E., Sonia R., Lidia A. Astronaut Chang served as Mission Specialist 1 for STS 61-C. As well, the man acted as Mission Specialist 2 for STS-34/Galileo and STS-46/TSS-1. DEF: NONE Chilton, Kevin Patrick Lieutenant Colonel, US Air Force Date of Birth: November 3, 1954 Place of Birth: Los Angeles, California, USA Spouse: Mrs. Cathy Chilton Children: Madison Marie For STS-49, Chilton served as Pilot. DEF: chret.bmp Chretien, Jean-Loup (Jacques Marie) Brigadier General, French Air Force Date of Birth: August 20, 1938 Place of Birth: La Rochelle, Charente-Maritime Department, French Republic Spouse: Ms. Mary-Cathryn Chretien(divorced); Mrs. Amy Kristine Chretien Children: Jean-Baptiste, Olivier, Emmanuel, Francois The spationaute was Research Pilot for Soyuz T-6/Salyut 7. For the US space shuttle, Chretien served as Backup Payload Specialist 1 on STS 51-G. As well, he worked as Cosmonaut-Researcher for Soyuz TM-7/Mir/Soyuz TM-6. 759 hours, 57 minutes, 52 seconds space time logged DEF: cleave.bmp Cleave, Mary Louise Ph.D. Civil and Environmental Engineering Date of Birth: February 5, 1947 Place of Birth: Southampton, New York, USA Spouse: unmarried The astronaut served as Mission Specialist 2 for flights STS 61-B and STS-30/Magellan. 262 hours, 2 minutes, 9 seconds space time logged DEF: NONE Clifford, Michael Richard Uram (Rich) Major, US Army Date of Birth: October 13, 1952 Place of Birth: Norton Air Force Base, California, USA Spouse: Mrs. Nancy Elizabeth Clifford Children: Richard Benjamin, Brandon Brunson Clifford served as Mission Specialist 3 for STS-53. DEF: cliff.bmp Coats, Michael Loyd (Mike) Captain, US Navy (retired) Date of Birth: January 16, 1946 Place of Birth: Sacramento, California, USA Spouse: Mrs. Diane Eileen Coats Children: Laura M., Paul M. The astronaut acted as Pilot for STS 41-D, and Commander for STS-29 and STS-39. 463 hours, 58 minutes, 10 seconds space tiime logged DEF: colins.bmp Collins, Michael (Mike) Major General, US Air Force Reserve (retired) Date of Birth: October 31, 1930 Place of Birth: Rome, Italian Republic (parents US citizens) Spouse: Mrs. Patricia Mary Collins Children: Kathleen, Ann Stewart, Michael Lawton For Gemini GT-7, Collins served as Backup Pilot, and Pilot for Gemini GT-10. On Apollo 11, the astronaut was Command Module Pilot. 266 hours, 5 minutes, 14 seconds space time logged including 27 minutes EVA activity DEF: conrad.bmp Conrad, Charles jr. (Pete/Tweety Bird) Captain, US Navy (retired) Date of Birth: June 2, 1930 Place of Birth: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA Spouse: Mrs. Jane Conrad Children: Peter, Thomas, Andrew, Christopher Gemini GT-5 was Conrad's first service as Pilot. On Gemini GT-8, the astronaut served as Backup Command Pilot. As well, Conrad was Command Pilot for Gemini GT-11. For Apollo 9, he performed duties as Backup Commander, and for Apollo 12 and Skylab SL-2/Skylab SL-1, Conrad was Commander. 1,179 hours, 38 minutes, 36 seconds space time logged including 7 hours, 46 minutes EVA activity and 7 hours, 46 minutes nonterrestrial planetary exploration DEF: cooper.bmp Cooper, Leroy Gordon jr. (Gordo) Colonel, US Air Force (retired); service in US Army, US Marine Corps Date of Birth: March 6, 1927 Place of Birth: Shawnee, Oklahoma, USA Spouse: Ms. Trudy B. Olson (divorced); Mrs. Susan Cooper Children: Camala Keoki Thorpe, Janita Lee Stone, Elizabeth Jo, Colleen Taylor The astronaut served as Backup Pilot for Mercury MA-8, and Pilot for Mercury MA-9. For Gemini GT-5, Cooper acted as Command Pilot, then Backup Command Pilot for Gemini GT-12. Finally, on Apollo 10, Cooper served as Backup Commander. 255 hours, 15 minutes, 3 seconds space time logged DEF: covey.bmp Covey, Richard Oswalt (Dick) Colonel, US Air Force Date of Birth: August 1, 1946 Place of Birth: Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA Spouse: Mrs. Kathleen Covey Children: Sarah Suzanne, Amy Kathleen Covey acted as Pilot for STS 51-I and STS-26. For STS-38, the astronaut served as Commander. 385 hours, 12 minutes, 18 seconds space time logged DEF: creigh.bmp Creighton, John Oliver Captain, US Navy Date of Birth: April 28, 1943 Place of Birth: Orange, Texas, USA Spouse: Mrs. Terry Creighton On STS 51-G, Creighton served as Pilot. He was Commander for STS-36 and STS-48/UARS. DEF: cripp.bmp Crippen, Robert Laurel (Bob/Crip) Captain, US Navy Date of Birth: September 11, 1937 Place of Birth: Beaumont, Texas, USA Spouse: Ms. Virginia E. Hill (divorced); Mrs. Pandora Lee Crippen Children: Ellen Marie, Susan Lynn, Linda Ruth Crippen worked as Support Crew for Skylab SL-2, Skylab SL-3, Skylab SL-4 and Apollo 18 ASTP. He served as Pilot for STS-1 (OFT). For mission STS-7, STS 41-C and STS 41-G, the astronaut acted as Commander. 565 hours, 48 minutes, 26 seconds space time logged DEF: culb.bmp Culbertson, Frank Lee jr. Commander, US Navy Date of Birth: May 15, 1949 Place of BIrth: Charleston, South Carolina, USA Spouse: Ms. Deborah Ann Follette (divorced); Mrs. Rebecca Ellen Culbertson Children: Wendy Nicole, Amanda Walters, Ashley Elizabeth, Frank Lee III The astronaut worked as Pilot for STS-38. 117 hours, 54 minutes, 28 seconds space time logged DEF: cunn.bmp Cunningham, Ronnie Walter (Walt) Colonel, US Marine Corps Reserve (retired) Date of Birth: March 16, 1932 Place of Birth: Creston, Iowa, USA Spouse: Mrs. Lo Ella Cunningham Children: Brian Keith, Kimberly Ann For Apollo 1, Cunningham acted as Backup Pilot, and as Pilot for Apollo 7. 260 hours, 8 minutes, 58 seconds space time logged DEF: NONE Davis, Nancy Jan Ph.D. Mechanical Engineering Date of Birth: November 1, 1953 Place of Birth: Patrick Air Force Base, Cocoa Beach, Florida, USA Spouse: divorced once; Mr. Mark Charles Lee Davis served as Mission Specialist 2 for STS-47/Spacelab J. DEF: NONE DeLucas, Lawrence James O.D. Optometry; Ph.D. Biochemistry Date of Birth: July 11, 1950 Place of Birth: Syracuse, New York, USA The astronaut worked as Payload Specialist for STS-50/USML-1. DEF: demin.bmp Demin, Lev Stepanovich (Leva) Colonel Engineer, Soviet Air Force Reserve Date of Birth: January 11, 1926 Place of Birth: Moscow, Russia Spouse: Mrs. Zinayda Aleksandrovna Demin Children: Sergei, Natalia Grandchildren: Vladimir The cosmonaut served as Backup Flight Engineer for Soyuz 14, and Flight Engineer for Soyuz 15/Salyut 3 (an aborted mission). 48 hours, 12 minutes, 11 seconds space time logged DEF: dobro.bmp Dobrovolski, Georgei Timofeyevich (Zhora) Colonel, Soviet Naval Air Force Date of Birth: June 1, 1928 Date of Death: June 30, 1971 Place of Birth: Odessa, Odessa Oblast, Ukraine Spouse: Mrs. Lyudmila Timofeyevna Dobrovolski Children: Maria, Natasha The cosmonaut served as Backup Commander for Soyuz 10 and Soyuz 11. His final flight was as Commander for Soyuz 11/Salyut 1. He, Vladimir N. Volkov and Viktor I. Patsayev died during the initial phase of re-entry of the mission. 570 hours, 21 minutes, 43 seconds space time logged DEF: duffy.bmp Duffy, Brian Major, US Air Force Date of Birth: June 20, 1953 Place of Birth: Boston, Massachusetts, USA Spouse: Mrs. Janet M. Duffy Children: Shaun Patrick, Shannon Marie Duffy served as Pilot for STS-45. DEF: duker.bmp Duke, Charles Moss jr. (Chuck) Brigadier General, US Air Force Reserve Date of Birth: October 3, 1935 Place of Birth: Charlotte, North Carolina, USA Spouse: Mrs. Dorothy M. Duke Children: Charles Moss III, Thomas Claiborne The astronaut acted as Support Crew for Apollo 10, and Backup Lunar Module Pilot for Apollo 13. On Apollo 16, Duke was Lunar Module Pilot. Again, on Apollo 17, he worked as Backup Lunar Module Pilot. 265 hours, 51 minutes, 5 seconds space time logged including 21 hours, 38 minutes EVA activity of which 20 hours, 14 minutes, 54 seconds non-terrestrial planetary exploration DEF: dunbar.bmp Dunbar, Bonnie Jeanne Ph.D. Biomedical Engineering Date of Birth: March 3, 1949 Place of Birth: Sunnyside, Washington, USA Spouse: unspecified divorce; Mr. Ronald Michael Sega Dunbar served as Mission Specialist 3 for STS 61-A/Spacelab D-1, Mission Specialist 1 for STS-32, and Mission Specialist 2 for STS-50/USML-1. DEF: NONE Durrance, Samuel Thornton (Sam) Ph.D. Astro-Geophysics Date of Birth: September 17, 1943 Place of Birth: Tallahassee, Florida, USA Spouse: Mrs. Rebecca Durrance Children: Benjamin The astronaut worked as Payload Specialist 1 for STS-35/Astro 1. 215 hours, 5 minutes, 8 seconds space time logged DEF: dzhan.bmp Dzhanibekov, Vladimir Aleksandrov (Volodya) Major General, Soviet Air Force Date of Birth: May 13, 1942 Place of Birth: Iksandr, Tashkent Oblast, Uzbekistan Spouse: Mrs. Lilia Munirovna Dzhanibekov Children: Inna, Olga The cosmonaut acted as Backup Commander for Soyuz 16, Soyuz 19 ASTP, and Soyuz 36. Dzhanibekov served as Commander for Soyuz 27/Salyut6/Soyuz 26, Soyuz 39/Salyut 6, Soyuz T-6/Salyut 7, Soyuz T-12/Salyut 7, and Soyuz T-13/Salyut 7. 3,485 hours, 58 minutes, 29 seconds space time logged including 6 hours, 30 minutes EVA activity DEF: durr.bmp Eisele, Donn Fulton Colonel, US Air Force Date of Birth: June 23, 1930 Date of Death: December 2, 1987 Place of Birth: Columbus, Ohio, USA Spouse: Ms. Harriet Elaine Hamilton (divorced); Mrs. Susan H. Eisele Children: Melinda Sue Germe, Donn Hamilton, Matthew Reed, Jon J., Kristin, Andrew Eisele served as Backup Senior Pilot for Apollo 1, and Backup Command Module Pilot for Apollo 10. For Apollo 7, the astronaut worked as Senior Pilot. Eisele died of a heart attack in Tokyo, Japan while promoting a space camp run by Nippon Steel. He was accompanied by fellow astronaut Alan B. Shepard jr. DEF: england.bmp England, Anthony Wayne (Tony) Ph.D. Geophysics Date of Birth: May 15, 1942 Place of Birth: Indianapolis, Indiana, USA Spouse: Mrs. Kathleen Ann England Children: Heidi Lynd, Heather Anne England served as Support Crew for both Apollo 13 and Apollo 16. His first flight was as Mission Specialist 2 on STS 51-F/Spacelab 2. 190 hours, 45 minutes, 26 seconds space time logged DEF: engle.bmp Engle, Joe Henry Brigadier General, US Air National Guard Date of Birth: August 26, 1932 Place of Birth: Dickinson County, Kansas, USA Spouse: Mrs. Mary Catherine Engle Children: Laurie Jo, Jon Lawrence Engle served as Support Crew for Apollo 10. For Apollo 14, the astronaut was Backup Lunar Module Pilot, and for STS-1, he was Backup Commander. On STS-2 and STS 51-I, Engle acted as Commander. 225 hours, 36.88 seconds space time logged DEF: evans.bmp Evans, Ronald Ellwin (Ron) Captain, US Navy Date of Birth: November 10, 1933 Date of Death: April 7, 1990 Place of Birth: St. Francis, Kansas, USA Spouse: Mrs. Janet Merle Evans Children: Jaime Dayle, Jon Pollom Evans served as Support Crew for Apollo 7 and Apollo 11. He was Backup Command Module Pilot for Apollo 14, and Command Module Pilot for Apollo 17. Again, Evans acted as Backup Command Module Pilot for Apollo 18 ASTP. The astronaut died of a heart attack while sleeping in his Scottsdale, Arizona home. 301 hours, 51 minutes, 57 seconds space time logged DEF: fabian.bmp Fabian, John McCreary Colonel, US Air Force; Ph.D. Aeronautics and Astronautics Date of Birth: January 28, 1939 Place of Birth: Goosecreek, Texas, USA Spouse: Mrs. Donna Kay Fabian Children: Michael Kenneth, Amy Louise Fabian served as Mission Specialist 1 for STS-7, and Mission Specialist 3 for STS 51-G. 316 hours, 2 minutes, 51.4 seconds space time logged DEF: faris.bmp Faris, Mohammed Ahmad Lieutenant Colonel, Syrian Air Force Date of Birth: May 26, 1951 Place of Birth: Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic Spouse: Mrs. Gind Akil Children: Gadil, Kutaib Faris acted as Cosmonaut-Researcher for Soyuz TM-3/Mir/Soyuz TM-2. 191 hours, 4 minutes, 5 seconds space time logged DEF: farkas.bmp Farkas, Bertalan (Bertsi) Lieutenant Colonel, Hungarian Air Force Date of Birth: August 2, 1949 Place of Birth: Gyulahaza, Szabolcs-Szatmar, Hungary Spouse: Mrs. Anniko Farkas Children: Gabor, Aida The cosmonaut served as Cosmonaut-Researcher for Soyuz 36/Salyut 6/Soyuz 35. 188 hours, 45 minutes, 44 seconds space time logged DEF: filip.bmp Filipchenko, Anatoli Vasilyevich (Filip/Tolya) Major General, Soviet Air Force Date of Birth: February 26, 1928 Place of Birth: Davydovka, Voronezh Oblast, Russia Spouse: Mrs. Elizabeta, Aleksandrovna Filipchenko Children: Aleksandr, Igor He worked as Backup Commander for Soyuz 5, Soyuz 9, and Soyuz 19 ASTP. As well, the cosmonaut served as Commander for Soyuz 7 and Soyuz 16. 261 hours, 3 minutes, 58 seconds space time logged DEF: fisher.bmp Fisher, Anna Lee M.D. Date of Birth: August 24, 1949 Place of Birth: St. Albans, New York, USA Spouse: unspecified divorce; Dr. William Frederick Fisher Children: Kristin Anne, Kara Lynne The astronaut worked as Mission Specialist 1 for STS 51-A. 191 hours, 44 minutes, 56 seconds space time logged DEF: fisher1.bmp Fisher, William Frederick (Bill/Fish) M.D. Date of Birth: April 1, 1946 Place of Birth: Dallas, Texas, USA Spouse: unspecified divorce; Mrs. Anna Lee Fisher Children: Kristin Anne, Kara Lynne On STS 51-I, Fisher served as Mission Specialist 3. 170 hours, 17 minutes, 42 seconds space time logged DEF: NONE Foale, Colin Michael (Mike) Ph.D. Laboratory Astrophysics Date of Birth: January 6, 1957 Place of Birth: Louth, Lincolnshire, England (US citizen) Spouse: Mrs. Rhonda R. Foale The astronaut acted as Mission Specialist 2 for STS-45/ATLAS 1. DEF: fuller.bmp Fullerton, Charles Gordon (Gordon/Gordo) Colonel, US Air Force (retired) Date of Birth: October 11, 1936 Place of Birth: Rochester, New York, USA Spouse: Mrs. Marie Jeanette Fullerton Children: Molly Marie, Andrew Alexander He served as Support Crew for Apollo 14 and Apollo 17. For STS-3 (OFT), Fullerton acted as Pilot. As well, the astronaut served as Commander for STS 51-F/Spacelab 2. 382 hours, 50 minutes, 10.9 seconds space time logged DEF: furrer.bmp Furrer, Reinhold Alfred Dr.rer.nat. Physics Date of Birth: November 25, 1940 Place of Birth: Worgl/Kufstein, Republic of Austria (German citizen) Furrer acted as Payload Specialist 1 for STS 61-A/Spacelab D-1. DEF: NONE Gaffney, Francis Andrew (Drew) M.D. Date of Birth: June 9, 1946 Place of Birth: Carlsbad, New Mexico, USA Spouse: Mrs. Sheila Gaffney Children: Andrea Elaine, Lauren Michelle The astronaut worked as Payload Specialist 1 for STS-40/SLS-1. 218 hours, 15 minutes, 14 seconds space time logged DEF: gagar.bmp Gagarin, Yuri Alekseyevich (Yura) Colonel, Soviet Air Force Date of Birth: March 9, 1934 Date of Death: March 27, 1968 Place of Birth: Klushino, Smolensk Oblast, Russia Spouse: Mrs. Valentina Ivanovna Gagarin Children: Yelena, Galina The first man in space was the Pilot for Vostok 1, and Backup Pilot for Soyuz 1. Gagarin , and fellow pilot Vladimir S. Seregin, died when they lost control of their MiG-15 jet trainer near Kirzhach, Vladimir Oblast, Russia. 1 hour, 48 minutes space time logged DEF: gardner.bmp Gardner, Dale Alan Commander, US Navy Date of Birth: November 8, 1948 Place of Birth: Fairmont, Minnesota, USA Spouse: Mrs. Sue Grace Gardner Children: Lisa Amanda, Todd Allan Gardner served as Mission Specialist 2 for STS-8 and STS 51-A. 336 hours, 53 minutes, 39 seconds space time logged including 10 hours, 43 minutes EVA activity DEF: gardner1.bmp Gardner, Guy Spence Colonel, US Air Force Date of Birth: January 6, 1948 Place of Birth: Altavista, Virginia, USA Spouse: Mrs. Linda A. Gardner Children: Jennifer, Sarah, Jason The astronaut acted as Pilot for STS-27 and STS-35/Astro 1. 320 hours, 11 minutes, 27 seconds space time logged DEF: garn.bmp Garn, Edwin Jacob (Jake) Colonel, Utah Air National Guard Date of BIrth: October 12, 1932 Place of Birth: Richfield, Utah, USA Spouse: Mrs. Hazel Rhae Garn (deceased); Mrs. Kathleen Bingham Children: Jacob Wayne, Susan Rhae Horne, Ellen Marie, Jeffrey Paul, Christopher Brook Bingham, Matthew Spencer, Jennifer Kathleen For STS 51-D, Garn served as Payload Specialist 2. 167 hours, 55 minutes, 23 seconds space time logged DEF: garneau.bmp Garneau, Joseph Jean-Pierre Marc Captain, Canadian Navy (retired); Ph.D. Electrical Engineering Date of Birth: February 23, 1949 Place of Birth: Quebec City, Quebec, Canada Spouse: Ms. Jacqueline Brown (divorced) Children: Yves, Simone The astronaut served as Payload Specialist 2 on STS 41-G. 197 hours, 23 minutes, 33 seconds space time logged DEF: gario.bmp Garriott, Owen Kay jr. US Navy (retired); Ph.D. Electrical Engineering Date of Birth: November 22, 1930 Place of Birth: Enid, Oklahoma, USA Spouse: Mrs. Helen Mary Garriott Children: Randall O., Robert K., Richard A., Linda S. Garriott acted as Science Pilot for Skylab SL-3/Skylab SL-1. As well, he served as Mission Specialist 1 for STS-9/Spacelab 1. 1,674 hours, 56 minutes, 28 seconds space time logged including 13 hours, 42 minutes EVA activity DEF: gemar.bmp Gemar, Charles Donald (Sam) Major, US Army Date of Birth: August 4, 1955 Place of Birth: Yankton, South Dakota, USA Spouse: Mrs. Charlene Gemar Children: Grant Leighton Gemar served as Mission Specialist 3 for STS-38, and Mission Specialist 1 for STS-48/UARS. 117 hours, 54 minutes, 28 seconds space time logged DEF: gibson.bmp Gibson, Edward George (Ed) Ph.D. Mechanical Engineering and Physics Date of Birth: November 8, 1936 Place of Birth: Buffalo, New York, USA Spouse: Mrs. Julie Anne Gibson Children: Jannet Lynn, John Edward, Julie Ann, Joseph Michael The astronaut worked as Support Crew for Apollo 12, and Science Pilot for Skylab SL-4/Skylab SL-1. 2,017 hours, 15 minutes, 30.8 seconds space time logged including 15 hours, 22 minutes EVA activity DEF: gibson1.bmp Gibson, Robert Lee (Hoot) Captain, US Navy Date of Birth: October 30, 1946 Place of Birth: Cooperstown, New York, USA Spouse: Ms. Cathy Marie Von Epps (divorced); Mrs. Margaret Rhea Seddon Children: Julie Christie, Paul Seddon, Edward Dann For STS 41-B, Gibson served as Pilot, and for STS 61-C, STS-27, STS-47/Spacelab J, he acted as Commander. DEF: glazkov.bmp Glazkov, Yuri Nicholaievich (Yura) Major General, Soviet Air Force; Cand.Sc. Technology Date of Birth: October 2, 1939 Place of Birth: Moscow, Russia Spouse: unspecified Children: unspecific, two daughters The cosmonaut served as Backup Flight Engineer for Soyuz 21 and Soyuz 23. As well, he acted as Flight Engineer for Soyuz 24/Salyut 5. 425 hours, 25 minutes, 58 seconds space time logged DEF: glenn.bmp Glenn, John Herschel jr. (Bud) Colonel, US Marine Corps (retired); US Senator Date of Birth: July 18, 1921 Place of Birth: Cambridge, Ohio, USA Spouse: Mrs. Anna Margaret Glenn Children: John David, Carolyn Ann Freedman Glenn served as Backup Pilot for Mercury MR-3 and Mercury MR-4, and Pilot for Mercury MA-6. 4 hours, 55 minutes, 23 seconds space time logged DEF: godd.bmp Goddard, Robert Hutchings Ph.D. Engineering Date of Birth: 1882 Date of Death: 1945 At age 17, after reading a serialization of H.G. Welles' The War of the Worlds, Robert Goddard envisioned a machine that would enable men to fly to Mars and beyond. Through years of research and development, the scientist would produce the first controlled rocket craft. He became the father of modern rocketry. DEF: godwin.bmp Godwin, Linda Maxine Ph.D. Physics Date of Birth: July 2, 1952 Place of Birth: Cape Girardeau, Missouri, USA Spouse: unspecified divorce The astronaut served as Mission Specialist 1 for STS-37/GRO and STS-60/SRL-1. DEF: gorbat.bmp Gorbatko, Viktor Vasileivich (Vitya) Major General, Soviet Air Force Date of Birth: December 3, 1934 Place of Birth: Ventsy-Zarya, Krasnodar Kray, Russia Spouse: Mrs. Valentina Pavlovna Gorbatko Children: Irina, Marina Gorbatko served as Backup Commander for Voshkod 2, Soyuz 21, Soyuz 23 and Soyuz 31. As well, the cosmonaut acted as Backup Research Engineer for Soyuz 2 and Soyuz 5. For Soyuz 7, he worked as Research Engineer, and on Soyuz 24/Salyut 5, Soyuz 37/Salyut 6/Soyuz 36, the man was Commander. 732 hours, 48 minutes, 21 seconds space time logged DEF: gordon.bmp Gordon, Richard Francis jr. (Dick) Captain, US Navy (retired) Date of Birth: October 5, 1929 Place of Birth: Seattle, Washington, USA Spouse: Ms. Barbara Jean Field (divorced); Mrs. Linda A. Gordon Children: Carleen Elizabeth, Richard Francis III, Lawrence Joseph, Thomas Alan, James Edward, Diane Marie For Gemini GT-8, the astronaut served as Backup Pilot. On Gemini GT-11, Gordon worked as Pilot; however, he served as Backup Command Module Pilot for Apollo 9. Gordon acted as Command Module Pilot for Apollo 12, and Backup Commander for Apollo 15. 315 hours, 53 minutes, 33 seconds space time logged including 2 hours, 44 minutes EVA activity DEF: grabe.bmp Grabe, Ronald John (Ron) Colonel, US Air Force Date of Birth: June 13, 1945 Place of Birth: New York, New York, USA Spouse: Mrs. Marijo A. Grabe Children: Hilary, Alison Grabe acted as Pilot for STS 51-J and STS-30/Magellan, and Commander for STS-42/IML-1. DEF: grechko.bmp Grechko, Georgei Michailovich (Zhora) Dr.Sc. Physics and Mathematics; Cand.Sc. Technology Date of Birth: May 25, 1931 Place of Birth: Leningrad, Leningrad Oblast, Russia Spouse: Ms. Nina Vitrovna (divorced); Mrs. Maya Grechko Children: Alexei, Mikhail, unspecified third child Grechko served as Backup Flight Engineer for Soyuz 9, Soyuz 12 and Soyuz T-11, and Flight Engineer for Soyuz 17/Salyut 4, Soyuz 26/Salyut 6/Soyuz 27 and Soyuz T-14/Salyut 7/Soyuz T-13. 3,236 hours, 32 minutes, 52 seconds space time logged including 1 hour, 28 minutes EVA activity DEF: gregry.bmp Gregory, Frederick Drew (Fred) Colonel, US Air Force Date of Birth: January 7, 1941 Place of Birth: Washington, D.C., USA Spouse: Mrs. Barbara Ann Gregory Children: Frederick Drew jr., Heather Lynn The astronaut served as Pilot for STS 51-B/Spacelab 3, and Commander for STS-33 and STS-44. 288 hours, 15 minutes, 32 seconds space time logged DEF: griggs.bmp Griggs, Stanley David (Dave) Rear Admiral, US Naval Reserve Date of Birth: September 7, 1939 Date of Death: June 17, 1989 Place of Birth: Portland, Oregon, USA Spouse: Mrs. Karen Frances Griggs Children: Alison Marie, Carre Anne The astronaut worked as Mission Specialist 2 for STS 51-D. Griggs lost control of a WWII vintage aircraft, near Earle, Arkansas, and died in the subsequent crash. 167 hours, 55 minutes, 23 seconds space time logged including 3 hours EVA activity DEF: griss.bmp Grissom, Virgil Ivan (Gus) Lieutanant Colonel, US Air Force Date of Birth: April 3, 1926 Date of Death: January 27, 1967 Place of Birth: Mitchell, Indiana, USA Spouse: Mrs. Betty L. Grissom Children: Allan Scott, Gary Mark Grissom served as Pilot for Mercury MR-4, and Command Pilot for Gemini GT-3. He was Backup Command Pilot for Gemini GT-6A, and Commander for Apollo 1. The astronaut, Edward H. White and Rodger B. Chaffee died in the catastrophic explosion inside the Apollo 1 capsule. 5 hours, 8 minutes, 8 seconds space time logged DEF: gubar.bmp Gubarev, Alexei Major General, Soviet Naval Air Force Reserve Date of Birth: March 29, 1931 Place of Birth: Gvardeytski, Kuybyshev Oblast, Russia Spouse: Mrs. Nadezhda Gubarev Children: Vladimir, Olga The cosmonaut acted as Backup Commander for Soyuz 12, and Commander for Soyuz 17/Salyut 4 and Soyuz 28/Salyut 6. 899 hours, 35 minutes, 45 seconds space time logged DEF: gurr.bmp Gurragcha, Jugderdemidyn (Gurr) Major General, Mongolian People's Army Date of Birth: December 5, 1947 Place of Birth: Rashant, Bulgan, Mongolian People's Republic Spouse: Mrs. Batmunkh Gurragcha Children: unspecified son Gurragcha worked as Cosmonaut-Researcher for Soyuz 39/Salyut 6. 188 hours, 42 minutes, 3 seconds space time logged DEF: gutier.bmp Gutierrez, Sidney McNeill (Sid) Lieutenant Colonel, US Air Force Date of Birth: June 27, 1951 Place of Birth: Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA Spouse: Mrs. Marianne Sue Gutierrez Children: Jennifer Anne, David McNeill, Katherine Elizabeth The astronaut served as Pilot for STS-40/SLS-1. 218 hours, 15 minutes, 14 seconds space time logged DEF: haise.bmp Haise, Fred Wallace jr. civilian Date of Birth: November 14, 1933 Place of Birth: Biloxi, Mississippi, USA Spouse: Ms. Mary Griffin Grant (divorced); Mrs. F. Patt Haise Children: Mary Margaret, Frederick Thomas, Stephen William, Thomas Jesse Haise acted as Support Crew for Apollo 9, Backup Pilot for Apollo 8, Backup Lunar Module Pilot for Apollo 11, Backup Commander for Apollo 16 and Lunar Module Pilot for Apollo 13. 142 hours, 54 minutes, 41 seconds space time logged DEF: hamm.bmp Hammond, Lloyd Blaine jr. Lieutenant Colonel, US Air Force Date of Birth: January 16, 1952 Place of Birth: Savannah, Georgia, USA Spouse: Ms. Terry Lee White (divorced); Mrs. Lela Ann Hammond Children: Vanessa Ann, Michael Blaine Hammond worked as Pilot for STS-39. 199 hours, 22 minutes, 25 seconds space time logged DEF: NONE Harbaugh, Gregory Jordan (Greg) civilian Date of Birth: April 15, 1956 Place of Birth: Cleveland, Ohio, USA Spouse: Mrs. Carol Ann Harbaugh Children: Kelly Allison, Dana Claire Harbaugh served as Mission Specialist 1 for STS-39 and STS-54. DEF: NONE Harris, Bernard Anthony jr. M.D. Date of Birth: June 26, 1956 Place of Birth: Temple, Texas, USA Spouse: Mrs. Sandra Faye Harris The astronaut worked as Mission Specialist 2 for STS-55/Spacelab D-2. DEF: hart.bmp Hart, Terry Jonathan (TJ) Lieutenant Colonel, Texas Air National Guard Date of Birth: October 27, 1946 Place of Birth: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA Spouse: Mrs. Wendy Marie Hart Children: Amy, Lori Hart was Mission Specialist 2 for STS 41-C. 167 hours, 40 minutes, 7 seconds space time logged DEF: harts.bmp Hartsfield, Henry Warren jr. (Hank) Colonel, US Air Force (retired) Date of Birth: November 21, 1933 Place of Birth: Birmingham, Alabama, USA Spouse: Mrs. Judy Frances Hartsfield Children: Judy Lynn, Keely Warren Astronaut Hartsfield worked as Support Crew for Apollo 16, Skylab SL-2, Skylab SL-3 and Skylab SL-4. He was Backup Pilot for STS-2 (OFT) and STS-3 (OFT). For STS-4, Hartsfield acted as Pilot, and Commander for STS 41-D and STS 61-A/Spacelab D-1. 482 hours, 50 minutes, 35.1 seconds space time logged DEF: hauck.bmp Hauck, Frederick Hamilton (Rick) Captain, US Navy (retired) Date of Birth: April 11, 1941 Place of Birth: Long Beach, California, USA Spouse: Mrs. Dolly Hauck Children: Whitney Irene, Stephen Christopher He served as Pilot for STS-7, and Commander for STS 51-A and STS-26. 435 hours, 9 minutes, 3 seconds space time logged DEF: hawl.bmp Hawley, Steven Alan (Steve) Ph.D. Astronomy and Astrophysics Date of Birth: December 12, 1951 Place of Birth: Ottawa, Kansas, USA Spouse: Ms. Sally Kristen Ride (divorced); Mrs. Ellen M. Hawley The astronaut served as Mission Specialist 2 for STS 41-D, STS 61-C and STS-31. 412 hours, 16 minutes, 1 seconds space time logged DEF: NONE Helms, Susan Jane Major, US Air Force Date of Birth: February 26, 1958 Place of Birth: Charlotte, North Carolina, USA Helms was Mission Specialist 3 for STS-54. DEF: henz.bmp Henize, Karl Gordon Lieutenant Commander, US Naval Reserve (retired) Date of Birth: October 17, 1926 Place of Birth: Cincinnati, Ohio, USA Spouse: Mrs. Caroline Rose Henize Children: Karl Gordon, Marcia Lynn, Skye Karen, Vance Karl The astronaut worked as Support Creew for Apollo 15, Skylab SL-2, Skylab SL-3 and Skylab SL-4, and Mission Specialist 3 for STS 51-F/Spacelab 2. 190 hours, 45 minutes, 26 seconds space time logged DEF: NONE Hennen, Thomas John (Tom) Chief Warrant Officer (CWO-3), US Army Date of Birth: August 17, 1952 Place of Birth: Albany, Georgia, USA Spouse: unspecified divorce Children: Kristopher James, Jessie Nicole, Karl Scott Hennen worked as Payload Specialist for STS-44. DEF: henr.bmp Henricks, Terence Thomas (Tom) Colonel, US Air Force Date of Birth: July 5, 1952 Place of Birth: Bryan, Ohio, USA Spouse: Ms. Kathy S. Gilbert (divorced) Children: Katherine Ann, Terence Thomas jr., Heather Kimberly Henricks served as Pilot for STS-44. DEF: herma.bmp Hermaszewski, Miroslaw Colonel, Polish Air Force Date of Birth: September 15, 1941 Place of Birth: Lipnicki, Polish People's Republic Spouse: Mrs. Emilia Hermaszewski Children: Miroslaw, Emilia For Soyuz 30/Salyut 6, the cosmonaut served as Cosmonaut-Researcher. 190 hours, 2 minutes, 59 seconds space time logged DEF: hieb.bmp Hieb, Richard James (Rick) civilian Date of Birth: September 21, 1955 Place of Birth: Jamestown, North Dakota, USA Spouse: Mrs. Jeannie Hiebs Children: Lindsey Michelle, Jonathan Michael On STS-39, Hieb served as Mission Specialist 5, and as Mission Specialist 3 for STS-49. DEF: hilm.bmp Hilmer, David Carl (Dave) Lieutenant Colonel, US Marine Corps Date of Birth: January 28, 1950 Place of Birth: Clinton, Iowa, USA Spouse: Mrs. Teresa Lynn Hilmers Children: Matthew David, Daniel James The astronaut worked as Mission Specialist1 for STS 51-J and STS-42/IML-1, and Mission Specialist 2 for STS-26 and STS-36. DEF: hoff.bmp Hoffman, Jeffrey Alan (Jeff) Ph.D. Astrophysics Date of Birth: November 2, 1944 Place of Birth: Brooklyn, New York, USA Spouse: Mrs. Barbara Catherine Hoffman Children: Samuel L., Orin P.F. Hoffman acted as Mission Specialist 3 for STS 51-D and STS-46/TSS-1, and Mission Specialist 1 for STS-35/Astro 1. DEF: NONE Hughes-Fulford, Millie Captain, Army Medical Service Corps, US Army; Ph.D. Biochemistry Date of Birth: December 21, 1945 Place of Birth: Mineral Wells, Texas, USA Spouse: Mr. George Anthony Fulford Children: Victoria Lynne Astronaut Hughes-Fulford served as Payload Specialist 2 on STS-40/SLS-1. 218 hours, 15 minutes, 14 seconds space time logged DEF: irw.bmp Irwin, James Benson (Jim) Colonel, US Air Force Date of Birth: March 17, 1930 Date of Death: August 8, 1991 Place of Birth: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA Spouse: Mrs. Mary Ellen Irwin Children: Joy Carmel, Jill Cherie, James Benson jr., Jan Caron, Joe Chau Irwin served as Support Crew for Apollo 10, and Backup Lunar Module Pilot for Apollo 12 and Apollo 17. For Apollo 15, Irwin was Lunar Module Pilot. 295 hours, 11 minutes, 53 seconds space time logged including 19 hours, 13 minutes EVA activity DEF: ivanc.bmp Ivanchenkov, Aleksandr Sergeivich (Sasha) civilian Date of Birth: September 28, 1940 Place of Birth: Ivanteyevka, Moscow Oblast, Russia Spouse: Mrs. Rimma Ivanchenkov Children: Tatiana Ivanchenkov served as Backup Flight Engineer for Soyuz 16, Soyuz 19 ASTP, Soyuz 25, Soyuz 26 and Soyuz 27. For Soyuz 29/Salyut 6/Soyuz 31 and Soyuz T-6/Salyut 7, the cosmonaut acted as Flight Engineer. 3,450 hours, 38 minutes, 24 seconds space time logged including 2 hours, 5 minutes EVA activity DEF: ivano.bmp Ivanov, Georgei (Gosho) Colonel-Engineer, Bulgarian Air Force Date of Birth: July 2, 1940 Place of Birth: Lovech, Bulgaria Spouse: Mrs. Natalia Ivanov Children: Ani, unspecified son Aboard Soyuz 33/Salyut 6, Ivanov served as Cosmonaut-Researcher. DEF: ivin.bmp Ivins, Marsha Sue civilian Date of BIrth: April 15, 1951 Place of Birth: Baltimore, Maryland, USA Spouse: unsepcified divorce The astronaut served as Mission Specialist 2 for STS-32, and Mission Specialist 1 for STS-45/TSS-1. DEF: jae.bmp Jaehn, Sigmund Major General, East German Air Force (disbanded) Date of Birth: February 13, 1937 Place of Birth: Rautenkranz, Germany Spouse: Mrs. Erika Jaehn Children: Marina, Grit For Soyuz 31/Salyut 6/Soyuz 29, Jaehn worked as Cosmonaut-Researcher. 188 hours, 49 minutes, 4 seconds space time logged DEF: NONE Jarvis, Gregory Bruce (Greg) civilian Date of Birth: August 24, 1944 Date of Death: January 28, 1986 Place of Birth: Detroit, Michigan, USA Spouse: Mrs. Marcia G. Jarvis Jarvis served as Payload Specialist 1 aboard STS 51-L. The astronaut, along with the entire crew, died in the explosion of the shuttle Challenger. DEF: NONE Jemison, Mae Carol M.D. Date of Birth: October 17, 1956 Place of Birth: Decatur, Alabama, USA Spouse: unspecified divorce Astronaut Jemison worked as Payload Specialist 1 for STS-47/Spacelab J. DEF: jern.bmp Jernigan, Tamar Elizabeth (Tammy) Ph.D. Space Physics and Astronomy Date of Birth: May 7, 1959 Place of Birth: Chattanooga, Tennessee, USA Spouse: unspecified divorce She served as Mission Specialist 2 on STS-40/SLS-1 and STS-52/LAGEOS II. DEF: ker.bmp Kerwin, Joseph Peter (Joe) Captain, Medical Corps, US Navy (retired); M.D. Date of Birth: February 19, 1932 Place of Birth: Oak Park, Illinois, USA Spouse: Mrs. Shirley Ann Kerwin Children: Sharon, Joanna, Kristina Kerwin served as Science Pilot for Skylab SL-2/Skylab SL-1. 672 hours, 49 minutes, 49 seconds space time logged including 3 hours, 23 minutes EVA activity DEF: khr.bmp Khrunov, Yevgeny Vasilyeivich (Zhenya) Colonel, Soviet Air Force Reserve Date of Birth: September 10, 1933 Place of Birth: Prudy, Tula Oblast, Russia Spouse: Mrs. Svetlana Anatolyevna Khrunov Children: Valeri The cosmonaut acted as Backup Second Pilot for Voshkod 2, Research Engineer for Soyuz 5/Soyuz 4 and Backup Commander for Soyuz 38. 47 hours, 45 minutes, 50 seconds space time logged DEF: kiz.bmp Kizim, Leonid Denisovich (Lenya) Colonel, Soviet Air Force Date of Birth: August 5, 1941 Place of Birth: Krasny Liman, Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine Spouse: Mrs. Galina Kizim Children: Leonid, Tatiana For Soyuz T-2, Soyuz T-6 and Soyuz T-10-1, Kizim served as Backup Commander, but, for Soyuz T-3/Salyut 6, Soyuz T-10/Salyut 7/Soyuz T-11 and Soyuz T-15/Mir/Salyut 7/Mir, the cosmonaut worked as Commander. 8,993 hours, 57 minutes, 46 seconds space time logged including an unspecified amount of EVA activity DEF: klim.bmp Klimuk, Petr Ilyich (Petya) Major General, Soviet Air Force Date of Birth: July 10, 1942 Place of Birth: Komarovka, Brest Oblast, Byelorus Spouse: Mrs. Lilia Klimuk Children: Mikhail, Natalia As Commander, he served on Soyuz 13, Soyuz 18/Salyut 4 and Soyuz 30/Salyut 6. For Soyuz 17 and Soyuz 18-1, Klimuk acted as Backup Commander. 1,890 hours, 18 minutes, 42 seconds space time logged DEF: kom.bmp Komarov, Vladimir Mikhailovich (Volodya) Colonel Engineer, Soviet Air Force Date of Birth: March 16, 1927 Date of Death: April 24, 1967 Place of Birth: Moscow, Russia Spouse: Mrs. Valentina Yakovlevna Komarov Children: Yevgeni, Irina For Vostok 4 and Vostok 5, Komarov worked as Backup Pilot, and for Voshkod 1, he served as Commander. As well, Komarov acted as Pilot for Soyuz 1. The parachute lines of his Soyuz spacecraft tangled disabling the parachute during re-entry. Komarov died when his craft crashed at enormous speed into the earth. 51 hours, 4 minutes, 55 seconds space time logged DEF: kov.bmp Kovalenok, Vladimir Vasilyeivich (Volodya) Major General, Soviet Air Force Date of Birth: March 3, 1942 Place of Birth: Beloye, Minsk Oblast, Byelorus Spouse: Mrs. Natalia Kovalenok Children: Inessa, Vladimir For Soyuz 18, Soyuz 26 and Soyuz 27, Kovalenok acted as Backup Commander, and Commander for Soyuz 25/Salyut 6, Soyuz 29/Salyut 6/Soyuz 31 and Soyuz T-4/Salyut 6. 5,193 hours, 9 minutes, 40 seconds space time logged including 2 hours, 5 minutes EVA activity DEF: NONE Krikalev, Sergei Konstantinovich (Serezha) Senior Lieutenant, Soviet Army Reserve Date of Birth: August 27, 1958 Place of Birth: Leningrad, Leningrad Oblast, Russia Spouse: unspecified marriage On Soyuz TM-7/Mir and Soyuz TM-12, Krikalev served as Flight Engineer, and Backup Flight Engineer on Soyuz TM-10 and Soyuz TM-11. DEF: kuba.bmp Kubasov, Valeri Nikolaivich (Valera/the Brain) Cand.Sc. Technology Date of Birth: January 7, 1935 Place of Birth: Vyazniki, Vladimir Oblast, Russia Spouse: Mrs. Lyudmila Kubasov Children: Yekaterina, Dmitri The cosmonaut served as Backup Flight Engineer for Soyuz 2, Soyuz 5, Soyuz 10 and Soyuz 11, and Backup Commander for Soyuz 30. As well, the man acted as Flight Engineer for Soyuz 6 and Soyuz 19 ASTP, and Commander for Soyuz 36/Salyut 6/Soyuz 35. 449 hours, 59 minutes, 22 seconds space time logged DEF: NONE Lampton, Michael Logan Ph.D. Physics Date of Birth: March 1, 1941 Place of Birth: Williamsport, Pennsylvania, USA Spouse: Mrs. Susan Lampton Children: Jennifer The man was Backup Payload Specialist 1 for STS-9/Spacelab 1, and Payload Specialist 1 for STS-45/ATLAS-1. DEF: NONE Laveykin, Aleksandr Ivanovich (Sasha) civilian Date of Birth: April 21, 1951 Place of Birth: Moscow, Russia Spouse: Mrs. Natalia Laveykin Children: Kirill The cosmonaut was Flight Engineer for Soyuz TM-2/Mir. 4,179 hours, 26 minutes space time logged including 8 hours, 48 minutes EVA activity DEF: laz.bmp Lazarev, Vasili, Grigoryevich (Vasya) Colonel, Soviet Air Force Reserve Date of Birth: February 23, 1928 Date of Death: December 31, 1990 Place of Birth: Poroshino, Altay Kray, Russia Spouse: Mrs. Luiza Lazarev Children: Aleksandr For Voshkod 1, Lazarev served as Backup Physiologist, and Backup Commander for Soyuz 9, Soyuz 17 and Soyuz T-3. As well, the cosmonaut acted as Commander for Soyuz 12 and Soyuz 18-1/Salyut 4. Lazarev died of alcohol poisoning from spoiled homemade vodka given to him by friends. 47 hours, 36 minutes, 59 seconds space time logged DEF: leb.bmp Lebedev, Valentin Vitalyeivich (Valya) Dr.Sc. Technology Date of Birth: April 14, 1942 Place of Birth: Moscow, Russia Spouse: Mrs. Lyudmilla Lebedev Children: Vitali The cosmonaut served as Flight Engineer for Soyuz 13 and Soyuz T-5/Salyut 7/Soyuz T-7, and as Backup Flight Engineer for Soyuz 32. 5,262 hours, 7 seconds space time logged including 2 hours, 33 minutes EVA activity DEF: lee.bmp Lee, Mark Charles Major, US Air Force Date of Birth: August 14, 1952 Place of Birth: Viroqua, Wisconsin, USA Spouse: Ms. Deidre Ann O'Brien (divorced); Mrs. Nancy Jan Lee The astronaut acted as Mission Specialist 3 for STS-30/Magellan, and as Mission Specialist 1 for STS-47/Spacelab J. DEF: leest.bmp Leestma, David Cornell (Dave) Captain, US Navy Date of Birth: May 6, 1949 Place of Birth: Muskegon, Michigan, USA Spouse: Mrs. Patti Kay Leestma Children: Benjamin David, Katie JoAnn, Emily Marie, Peter Opp, Mary Elizabeth, Caleb William For STS 41-G and STS-28, Leestma worked as Mission Specialist 1, and Mission Specialist 3 for STS-45/ATLAS-1. DEF: len.bmp Lenoir, William Benjamin (Bill) Ph.D. Electrical Engineering Date of Birth: March 14, 1939 Place of Birth: Miami, Florida, USA Spouse: Mrs. Elizabeth May Lenoir Children: William Benjamin jr., Samantha Ellen He was Backup Science Pilot for Skylab SL-3 and Skylab SL-4, and Mission Specialist 2 for STS-5. 122 hours, 14 minutes, 26 seconds space time logged DEF: leonov.bmp Leonov, Alexei Arkhipovich (Lyosha) Major General, Soviet Air Force; Cand.Sc. Technology Date of Birth: May 30, 1934 Place of Birth: Listvyanka, Kemerovo Oblast, Russia Spouse: Mrs. Svetlana Leonov Children: Viktoria, Oksana Leonov served as Backup Pilot for Vostok 5, Seconds Pilot for Voshkod 2 and Backup Commander for Soyuz 10 and Soyuz 11. As well, he acted as Commander for Soyuz 19 ASTP. 168 hours, 33 minutes, 8 seconds space time logged including 24 minutes EVA activity DEF: NONE Levchenko, Anatoli Semenovich (Tolya) civilian Date of Birth: May 21, 1941 Date of Death: August 6, 1988 Place of Birth: Krasnokutsk, Kharkov Oblast, Ukraine Spouse: Mrs. Lyudmilla Levchenko Children: Kirill The man worked as Cosmonaut-Researcher for Soyuz TM-4/Mir/Soyuz TM-3. Levchenko died of a brain tumor that could not be excised by physicians. 189 hours, 58 minutes space time logged DEF: NONE Lichtenberg, Byron Kurt Lieutenant Colonel, Massachusetts Air National Guard; Sc.D. Biomedical Engineering Date of Birth: February 19, 1948 Place of Birth: East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, USA Spouse: Ms. Lee Lombard (divorced) Children: Kristin, Kimberly The astronaut served as Payload Specialist 1 for STS-9/Spacelab 1, and as Payload Specialist 2 for STS-45/ATLAS-1. DEF: lind.bmp Lind, Don Leslie Commander US Naval Reserve (retired); Ph.D. High Energy Nuclear Physics Date of Birth: May 18, 1930 Place of Birth: Midvale, Utah, USA Spouse: Mrs. Kathleen Lind Children: Carol Ann, David M., Dawna, Douglas M., Kimberly, Lisa Christine, Daniel Leslie Lind acted as Backup Pilot for Skylab SL-3 and Skylab SL-4, and Mission Specialist 3 for STS 51-B/Spacelab 3. 168 hours, 8 minutes, 46 seconds space time logged DEF: loung.bmp Lounge, John Michael (Mike) Lieutenant Colonel, Texas Air National Guard Date of Birth: June 28, 1946 Place of Birth: Denver, Colorado, USA Spouse: Ms. Jeannie Burgess (divorced); Mrs. Kathryn Anne Lounge Children: Shannon, Kenneth, Kathy For STS 51-I and STS-35/Astro 1, Lounge served as Mission Specialist 2, and as Mission Specialist 1 for STS-26. 482 hours, 22 minutes, 58 seconds space time logged DEF: lous.bmp Lousma, Jack Robert Colonel, US Marine Corps (retired) Date of Birth: February 29, 1936 Place of Birth: Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA Spouse: Mrs. Gratia Kay Lousma Children: Timothy J., Matthew O., Mary T., Joseph L. For Apollo 9, Apollo 10 and Apollo 13, Lousma served as Support Crew, and for Skylab SL-3/Skylab SL-1, he was Pilot. As well, the astronaut acted as Backup Docking Module Pilot for Apollo 18 ASTP, and Commander of STS-3 (OFT). 1,619 hours, 13 minutes, 48.9 seconds space time logged including 11 hours, 2 minutes EVA activity DEF: lovell.bmp Lovell, James Arthur jr. (Jim) Captain, US Navy (retired) Date of Birth: March 25, 1928 Place of Birth: Cleveland, Ohio, USA Spouse: Mrs. Marilyn Lillie Lovell Children: Barbara Lynn, James Arthur, Susan Kay, Jeffrey C. Lovell served as Backup Pilot for Gemini GT-4, and then Pilot for Gemini GT-7. As well, for Gemini GT-9A and Gemini GT-10, he was Backup Command Pilot, and Command Pilot for Gemini GT-12. The astronaut worked as Senior Pilot for Apollo 8, Backup Commander for Apollo11 and Commander for Apollo 13. 715 hours, 4 minutes, 55 seconds space time logged DEF: low.bmp Low, George David civilian Date of Birth: February 19, 1956 Place of Birth: Berea, Ohio, USA Low served as Mission Specialist 3 for STS-32 and Mission Specialist 2 for STS-43. 474 hours, 23 minutes, 3 seconds space time logged DEF: lucid.bmp Lucid, Shannon Wells Ph.D. Biochemistry Date of Birth: January 14, 1943 Place of Birth: Kiangsu, People's Republic of China (parents US citizens) Spouse: Mr. Michael F. Lucid Children: Kawai Dawn, Shandara Michelle, Michael Kermit The astronaut served as Mission Specialist 1 for STS 51-G, STS-34/Galileo and STS-43. 502 hours, 41 minutes, 18.3 seconds space time logged DEF: lyak.bmp Lyakhov, Vladimir Afanaseivich (Volodya) Colonel, Soviet Air Force Date of Birth: July 20, 1941 Place of Birth: Antratsit, Voroshilovgrad Oblast, Ukraine Spouse: Mrs. Zinaida Lyakhov Children: Yuri, Olga For Soyuz 29, Soyuz 39, Soyuz T-8 and Soyuz TM-5, the cosmonaut served as Backup Commander, and Commander for Soyuz 32/Salyut 6/Soyuz 34, Soyuz T-9/Salyut 7 and Soyuz TM-6/Mir/Soyuz TM-5. 7,998 hours, 48 minutes, 37 seconds space time logged including 7 hours, 8 minutes EVA activity DEF: mak.bmp Makarov, Oleg Grigoryevich Cand.Sc. Technology Date of Birth: January 6, 1933 Place of Birth: Udomlya, Kalinin Oblast, Russia Spouse: Mrs. Valentina Makarov Children: Konstantin, Leonid The cosmonaut worked as Flight Engineer for Soyuz 12, Soyuz 18-1/Salyut 4, Soyuz 27/Salyut 6/Soyuz 26 and Soyuz T-3/Salyut 6, and Backup Flight Engineer for Soyuz 17 and Soyuz T-2. 497 hours, 43 minutes, 39 seconds space time logged DEF: NONE Malerba, Franco Ph.D. Physics Date of Birth: October 10, 1946 Place of Birth: Busalla, Genoa, Italy He served as Payload Specialist for STS-46/TSS-1. DEF: maly.bmp Malyshev, Yuri Vasilievich (Yura) Colonel, Soviet Air Force Date of Birth: August 27, 1941 Place of Birth: Nikolayevsk, Volgograd Oblast, Russia Spouse: Mrs. Nadezhda Malyshev Children: unspecified daughter and son For Soyuz 22, Malyshev served as Backup Commander, and Commander for Soyuz T-2/Salyut 6 and Soyuz T-11/Salyut 7/Soyuz T-10. 284 hours, 30 seconds space time logged DEF: NONE Manakov, Gennadi Mikhailovich (Gena) Lieutenant Colonel, Soviet Air Force Date of Birth: June 1, 1950 Place of Birth: Yefimovka, Orenburg Oblast, Russia Spouse: unspecified marriage Children: two unspecified children Manakov acted as Backup Commander for Soyuz TM-8 and Soyuz TM-9, and Commander for Soyuz TM-10/Mir. 3,140 hours, 36 minutes space time logged including 3 hours, 45 minutes EVA activity DEF: NONE Manarov, Musa Khiramanovich Major, Soviet Air Force Reserve Date of Birth: March 22, 1951 Place of Birth: Baku, Azerbaijian Spouse: Mrs. Nailya Manarov Children: Naida, Zaur Manarov worked as Flight Engineer for Soyuz TM-4/Mir/Soyuz TM-6 and Soyuz TM-11/Mir, and Backup Flight Engineer for Soyuz TM-10. 12,983 hours, 31 minutes, 47 seconds space time logged including 34 hours, 20 minutes EVA activity DEF: matt.bmp Mattingly, Thomas Kenneth II (Ken/TK/Tom) Rear Admiral, US Navy Date of Birth: March 17, 1936 Place of Birth: Chicago, Illinois, USA Spouse: unspecified first marriage (divorced); Mrs. Elizabeth Mattingly Children: Thomas Kenneth III He served as Support Crew for Apollo 8 and Apollo11. For Apollo 16, Mattingly worked as Command Module Pilot, and Backup Commander for STS-2 (OFT) and STS-3 (OFT), and Commander for STS-4 (OFT) and STS 51-C. 508 hours, 34 minutes, 12.1 seconds space time logged including 1 hour, 24 minutes EVA activity DEF: mca.bmp McAuliffe, Sharon Christa (Chris) civilian; teacher Date of Birth: September 2, 1948 Date of Death:January 28, 1986 Place of Birth: Boston, Massachusetts, USA Spouse: Mr. Steven James McAuliffe Children: Scott Corrigan, Caroline Corrigan The astronaut served as Payload Specialist 2 for STS 51-L McAuliffe died in the explosion of the shuttle Challenger. DEF: mcbri.bmp McBride, Jon Andrew (Big Jon) Captain, US Navy (retired) Date of Birth: August 14, 1943 Place of Birth: Charleston, West Virginia, USA Spouse: Ms. Brenda Lou Stewart (divorced); Mrs. Sharon Lynne McBride Children: Richard Michael, Melissa L., Jon Andrew II, Stephen Michael McBride acted as Pilot for STS 41-G. 197 hours, 23 minutes, 33 seconds space time logged DEF: mccan.bmp McCandless, Bruce II Captain, US Navy (retired) Date of Birth: June 8, 1937 Place of Birth: Boston, Massachusetts, USA Spouse: Mrs. Alfreda Bernice McCandless Children: Bruce III, Tracy The astronaut worked as Supprt Crew for Apollo 14, Backup Pilot for Skylab SL-2, Mission Specialist 3 for STS 41-B and Mission Specialist 1 for STS-31. 312 hours, 32 minutes, 1 second space time logged including 12 hours EVA activity DEF: mccul.bmp McCulley, Michael James (Mike) Captain, US Navy (retired) Date of Birth: August 4, 1943 Place of Birth: San Diego, California, USA Spouse: Ms. Sally Louise Hellings (divorced); Mrs. Jane Emalie McCulley Children: Marla Danielle, Marcy Deanna, Cynthia Lynn, Robyn Marie, Sarah Emalie He served as Pilot for STS-34/Galileo. 119 hours, 41 minutes, .9 seconds space time logged DEF: NONE McMonagle, Donald Ray (Don) Lieutenant Colonel, US Air Force Date of Birth: May 14, 1952 Place of Birth: Flint, Michigan, USA Spouse: Mrs. Janyce Beye McMonagle Children: Heather Nicole As Mission Specialist 2, McMonagle worked on STS-39, and worked as Pilot for STS-54. 199 hours, 22 minutes, 25 seconds space time logged DEF: mcn.bmp McNair, Ronald Erwin (Ron) Ph.D. Physics Date of Birth: October 21, 1950 Date of Death: January 28, 1986 Place of Birth: Lake City, South Carolina, USA Spouse: Mrs. Cheryl McNair Children: Reginald Ervin, Joy Cheray The astronaut served as Mission Specialist 1 for STS 41-B and Mission Specialist 3 for STS 51-L. McNair died in the explosion of the shuttle Challenger. 191 hours, 15 minutes, 55 seconds space time logged DEF: mead.bmp Meade, Carl Joseph Lieutenant Colonel, US Air Force Date of Birth: November 16, 1950 Place of Birth: Chanute Air Force Base, Illinois, USA Spouse: Mrs. Cheryl Ann Meade Children: David James On STS-38, Meade worked as Mission Specialist 2 and Mission Specialist 3 for STS-50/USML-1. 117 hours, 54 mnutes, 28 seconds space time logged DEF: NONE Melnick, Bruce Edward (Mel) Commander, US Coast Guard Date of Birth: December 5, 1949 Place of Birth: New York, New York, USA Spouse: unspecified first marriage (divorced); Mrs. Frieda Kaye Melnick Children: James Edward, Anna Louise For STS-41/Ulysses, Melnick served as Mission Specialist 1 and Mission Specialist 5 for STS-49. DEF: NONE Merbold, Ulf D. Dr.rer.nat. Science Date of Birth: June 20, 1941 Place of Birth: Greiz, Gera, Germany Spouse: Mrs. Birgit Merbold Children: Susanette, Hannes The astronaut served as Payload Specialist 2 for STS-9/Spacelab 1, Backup Payload Specialist 3 for STS 61-A/Spacelab D-1 and Payload Specialist 1 for STS-42/IML-1. 247 hours, 47 minutes, 24 seconds space time logged DEF: mess.bmp Messerschmid, Ernst Willi Dr.rer.nat. Physics Date of Birth: May 21, 1945 Place of Birth: Reutlingen, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany Spouse: unspecified marriage On STS 61-A/Spacelab D-1, the man worked as Payload Specialist 2. 168 hours, 44 minutes, 51 seconds space time logged DEF: mitc.bmp Mitchell, Edgar Dean (Ed) Captain, US Navy (retired); Sc.D. Aeronautics and Astronautics Date of Birth: September 17, 1930 Place of Birth: Hereford, Texas, USA Spouse: Ms. Louise Randall (divorced); Mrs. Anita Kaye Mitchell Children: Karlyn Louise, Elizabeth Randall, Kimberly, Paul, Mary Beth Mitchell worked as Suport Crew for Apollo 9, Backup Lunar Module Pilot for Apollo 14 and Apollo 16 and Lunar Module Pilot for Apollo 14. 216 hours, 1 minute, 57 seconds space time logged including 9 hours, 23 minutes EVA activity DEF: NONE Mohmand (Sarvar), Abdul Ahad Colonel, Afghan AIr Force Date of Birth: January 1, 1959 Place of Birth: Sarda, Ghazni Province, Afghanistan Spouse: Mrs. Bibigul Mohmand Children: Hila The man served as Cosmonaut-Researcher for Soyuz TM-6/Mir/Soyuz TM-5. 212 hours, 27 minutes space time logged DEF: mohri.bmp Mohri, Mamoru Mark Ph.D. Physical Science Date of Birth: January 29, 1948 Place of Birth: Yoichi-Machi, Hokkaido, Japan Spouse: Mrs. Akiko Mohri Children: Ken, Taku, Yu-u He served as Payload Specialist for STS-47/Spacelab J. DEF: mull.bmp Mullane, Richard Michael (Mike) Colonel, US Air Force (retired) Date of Birth: September 10, 1945 Place of Birth: Wichita Falls, Texas, USA Spouse: Mrs. Donna Marie Mullane Children: Patrick Joseph, Amy Michele, Laura Ann As Mission Specialist 1, Mullane worked aboard STS 41-D, STS-27 and STS-36. 356 hours, 22 minutes, 6 seconds space time logged DEF: musg.bmp Musgrave, Franklin Story M.D. Date of Birth: August 19, 1935 Place of Birth: Boston, Massachusetts, USA Spouse: Ms. Patricia Van Kirk (divorced); Mrs. Carol Elaine Musgrave Children: Lorelei Lisa, Bradley Scott, Holly Kay, Christopher Todd, Jeffrey Paul, Lane Linwood Musgrave was Backup Science Pilot for Skylab SL-2, Mission Specialist 1 for STS-6 and STS-44, Mission Specialist 2 for STS 51-F/Spacelab 2 and STS-33. DEF: nag.bmp Nagel, Steven Ray (Steve) Colonel, US Air Force Date of Birth: October 27, 1946 Place of Birth: Canton, Illinois, USA Spouse: Mrs. Linda Diane Nagel Children: Whitney The astronaut served as Mission Specialist 2 for STS 51-G, Pilot for STS 61-A/Spacelab D-1 and Commander for STS-37/GRO. 481 hours, 57 minutes, 24.4 seconds space time logged DEF: NONE Nelson, Clarence William J.D. (Bill) Lawyer Date of Birth: September 29, 1942 Place of Birth: Miami, Florida, USA Spouse: Mrs. Grace H. Nelson Children: Clarence William III, Nan Ellen Nelson worked as Payload Specialist 2 for STS 61-C. 146 hours, 3 minutes, 51 seconds space time logged DEF: nelso.bmp Nelson, George Driver (Pinky) Ph.D. Astronomy Date of Birth: July 13, 1950 Place of Birth: Charles City, Iowa, USA Spouse: Mrs. Susan Lynn Nelson Children: Aimee Tess, Marti Ann The astronaut acted as Mission Specialist 1 for STS 41-C and Mission Specialist 3 for STS 61-C and STS-26. 410 hours, 44 minutes, 6 seconds space time logged including 10 hours, 30 minutes EVA activity DEF: neri.bmp Neri Vela, Rodolfo Ph.D. Electronic and Electrical Engineering Date of Birth: February 19, 1952 Place of Birth: Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico Neri Vela worked as Payload Specialist 2 for STS 61-B. 165 hours, 4 minutes, 49 seconds space time logged DEF: nic.bmp Nicollier, Claude Captain, Swiss Air Force Date of Birth: September 2, 1944 Place of Birth: Vevey, Vaud, Swiss Confederation Spouse: Mrs. Susana Nicollier Children: Maya, Marina The astronaut, on STS-46/TSS-1, worked as Mission Specialist 4. DEF: nik.bmp Nikolayev, Andriyan Grigorievich (Andrey) Major General, Soviet Air Force; Cand.Sc. Technology Date of Birth: September 5, 1929 Place of Birth: Shorshely, Chuvash A.S.S.R., Russia Spouse: Ms. Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova (divorced) Children: Elena For Vostok 2, Nikolayev served as Backup Pilot, and Pilot for Vostok 3. As well, the cosmonaut worked on Soyuz 8 as Backup Commander and Soyuz 9 as Commander. 519 hours, 23 minutes, 50 seconds space time logged DEF: ock.bmp Ockels, Wubbo Johannes D.Sc. Physics and Mathematics Date of Birth: March 28, 1946 Place of Birth: Almelo, Overijssel, Netherlands Spouse: Mrs. Joos Ockels Children: Geanneke, Martin On STS-9/Spacelab 1, Ockels served as Backup Payload Specialist 2, and as Payload Specialist 3 for STS 61-A/Spacelab D-1. 168 hours, 44 minutes, 51 seconds space time logged DEF: ocon.bmp O'Connor, Bryan Daniel (OC) Colonel, US Marine Corps Date of Birth: September 6, 1946 Place of Birth: Orange, California, USA Spouse: Mrs. Susan A. O'Connor Children: Thomas Reid, Kevin Daniel O'Connor worked as Pilot for STS 61-B, and Commander for STS-40/SLS-1. 383 hours, 20 minutes, 3 seconds space time logged DEF: oni.bmp Onizuka, Ellison Shoji (El) Lieutenant Colonel, US Air Force Date of Birth: June 24, 1946 Date of Death: January 28, 1986 Place of Birth: Kealakekua, Kona, Hawaii, USA Spouse: Mrs. Lorno Leiko Onizuka Children: Janelle Mitsue, Darien Lei Shizue The astronaut served as Mission Specialist 1 for STS 51-C and STS 51-L. Onizuka died in the explosion of the shuttle Challenger. 73 hours, 34 minutes, 40.621 seconds space time logged DEF: osw.bmp Oswald, Stephen Scot (Steve) Commander, US Naval Reserve Date of Birth: June 30, 1951 Place of Birth: Seattle, Washington, USA Spouse: Mrs. Diane Kay Oswald Children: Monique Marie, Janna May, Scott Andrew The astronaut acted as Pilot for STS-42/IML-1. DEF: over.bmp Overmyer, Robert Franklyn (Bob) Colonel, US Marine Corps (retired) Date of Birth: July 14, 1936 Place of Birth: Lorain, Ohio, USA Spouse: Mrs. Katherine Ellen Overmyer Children: Carolyn Marie, Patricia Ann, Robert Rolandus Overmyer acted as Support Crew for Apollo 17 and Apollo 18 ASTP. For STS-5, the astronaut served as Pilot, and Commander for STS 51-B/Spacelab 3. 290 hours, 23 minutes, 12 seconds space time logged DEF: NONE Pailes, William Arthur (Bill) Lieutenant Colonel, US Air Force Date of Birth: June 26, 1952 Place of Birth: Hackensack, New Jersey, USA Spouse: Mrs. Brenda Sue Pailes Children: Lacey Alexandra Pailes worked as Payload Specialist for STS 51-J. 97 hours, 44 minutes, 38 seconds space time logged DEF: pari.bmp Parise, Ronald Anthony Ph.D. Astronomy Date of Birth: May 24, 1951 Place of Birth: Warren, Ohio, USA Spouse: Mrs. Cecilia M. Parise Children: Nicholas, Katherine He was Payload Specialist 2 for STS-35/Astro 1. 215 hours, 5 minutes, 8 seconds space time logged DEF: park.bmp Parker, Robert Allan Ridley Ph.D. Astronomy Date of Birth: December 14, 1936 Place of Birth: New York, New York, USA Spouse: Ms. Joan Audrey Capers (divorced); Mrs. Judith S. Woodruff Children: Mark Woodruff, Jennifer Woodruff, Jon Woodruff, Kimberly Ellen Parker, Brian David Capers Parker Parker worked as Support Crew for Apollo 15 and Apollo 17, Mission Specialist 2 for STS-9/Spacelab 1 and Mission Specialist 3 for STS-35/Astro 1. 462 hours, 52 hours, 32 seconds space time logged DEF: pats.bmp Patsayev, Viktor Ivanovich (Vitya) Cand.Sc. Technology Date of Birth: June 19, 1933 Date of Death: June 30, 1971 Place of Birth: Artyubinsk, Artyubinsk Oblast, Kazakstan Spouse: Mrs. Vera Patsayev Children: Dmitri, Svetlana The cosmonaut served as Backup Research Engineer for Soyuz 10, and Research Engineer for Soyuz 11/Salyut 1. Patsayev died when the Soyuz 11 capsule pressure equalization valve opened during orbital-module separation releasing all the air. 570 hours, 21 minutes, 43 seconds space time logged DEF: NONE Payton, Gary Eugene Colonel, US Air Force Date of Birth: June 20, 1948 Place of Birth: Rock Island, Illinois, USA Spouse: Sue C. Payton Children: Courtney Payton worked on STS 51-C as Payload Specialist. 73 hours, 33 minutes, 27 seconds space time logged DEF: peter.bmp Peterson, Donald Herod sr. (Pete/Don) Colonel, US Air Force (retired) Date of Birth: October 22, 1933 Place of Birth: Winona, Mississippi, USA Spouse: Mrs. Bonnie R. Peterson Children: Donald Herod jr., Jeanne M., Shari L. For Apollo 16, Peterson worked as Support Crew, and Mission Specialist 2 for STS-6. 120 hours, 23 minutes, 42 seconds space time logged including 4 hours, 17 minutes EVA activity DEF: pham.bmp Pham, Tuan Major General, Vietnamese Air Force Date of Birth: February 15, 1947 Place of Birth: Quoc Tuan Commune, Kien Xuong District, Socialist Republic of Vietnam Spouse: Mrs. Tien Pham Children: Tkhu Pham served as Cosmonaut-Researcher for Soyuz 37/Salyut 6/Soyuz 36. 188 hours, 42 minutes space time logged DEF: pog.bmp Pogue, William Reid (Bill) Colonel, US Air Force (retired) Date of Birth: January 23, 1930 Place of Birth: Okemah, Oklahoma, USA Spouse: Ms. Helen Juanita Dittmar (divorced); Mrs. Jean Ann Pogue Children: William Richard, Layna Sue, Thomas Reid The astronaut served as Support Crew for Apollo 7, Apollo 11, Apollo 13 and Apollo 14. For Skylab SL-4/Skylab SL-1, Pogue acted as Pilot. 2,017 hours, 15 minutes, 30.8 seconds space time logged including 13 hours, 37 minutes EVA activity DEF: NONE Polyakov, Valeri Vladimirovich (Valera) Cand.Sc. Medicine Date of Birth: April 27, 1942 Place of Birth: Tula, Tula Oblast, Russia Spouse: Mrs. Nelli Polyakov Children: Elena Grandchildren: Valeria, Aleksandr The man acted as Backup Cosmonaut-Researcher for Soyuz T-3 and Soyuz T-10. On Soyuz TM-6/Mir/Soyuz TM-7, Polyakov served as Physician-Researcher. 5,782 hours, 35 minutes space time logged DEF: popv.bmp Popov, Leonid Ivanovich (Lenya) Colonel, Soviet Air Force Date of Birth: August 31, 1945 Place of Birth: Aleksandria, Kirovograd Oblast, Ukraine Spouse: Mrs. Valentina Popov Children: Elena, Alexei As Backup Commander, he worked on Soyuz 22, Soyuz 32 and Soyuz T-13, and Commander for Soyuz 35/Salyut 6/Soyuz 37, Soyuz 40/Salyut 6 and Soyuz T-7/Salyut 7/Soyuz T-5. 4,814 hours, 45 minutes, 51 seconds space time logged DEF: popo.bmp Popovich, Pavel Romanovich (Pasha) Major General, Soviet Air Force; Cand.Sc. Technology Date of Birth: October 5, 1930 Place of Birth: Uzin, Kiev Oblast, Ukraine Spouse: Ms. Marina Lavrentyevna Vasilevna (divorced); unspecified second marriage Children: Natalia, Oksana For Vostok 4, Popovich worked as Pilot, and Commander for Soyuz 14/Salyut 3. 448 hours, 29 minutes, 28 seconds space time logged DEF: prun.bmp Prunariu, Dumitru Dorin Major-Engineer, Romanian Army Air Force Date of Birth: September 27, 1952 Place of Birth: Brasov, Romania Spouse: Mrs. Ursu Rodiche Prunariu Children: Radu-Kadelin, Daniel Ovidiu Prunariu worked as Cosmonaut-Researcher for Soyuz 40/Salyut 6. 188 hours, 41 minutes, 52 seconds space time logged DEF: NONE Readdy, William Francis (Bill) Commander, US Naval Reserve Date of Birth: January 24, 1952 Place of Birth: Quonset Point, Rhode Island, USA Spouse: Mrs. Colleen Readdy The astronaut acted as Mission Specialist 3 for STS-42/IML-1. DEF: NONE Reightler, Kenneth Stanley jr. (Ken) Commander, US Navy Date of Birth: March 24, 1951 Place of Birth: Patuxent River Naval Air Station, Maryland, USA Spouse: Mrs. Maureen Ellen Reightler Children: Katherine McHenry, Emily Harrison For STS-48/UARS, the astronaut served as Pilot. DEF: rem.bmp Remek, Vladimir (Volodya) Colonel-Engineer, Czechoslovak Air Force Date of Birth: September 26, 1948 Place of Birth: Ceske Budejovice, Czechoslovakia Spouse: Mrs. Hana Remek Children: Anna Remek served as Cosmonaut-Researcher for Soyuz 28/Salyut 6. 190 hours, 16 minutes space time logged DEF: res.bmp Resnik, Judith Arlene (Judy/JR) Ph.D. Electrical Engineering Date of Birth: April 5, 1949 Date of Death: January 28, 1986 Place of Birth: Akron, Ohio, USA Spouse: Mr. Michael D. Oldak (divorced) Resnik worked as Mission Specialist 3 for STS 41-D and Mission Specialist 2 for STS 51-L. The astronaut died in the explosion of the shuttle Challenger. 144 hours, 56 minutes, 4 seconds space time logged DEF: rich.bmp Richards, Richard Noel (Dick) Captain, US Navy Date of Birth: August 24, 1946 Place of Birth: Key West, Florida, USA Spouse: Mrs. Lois Richards He was Pilot for STS-28 and Commander for STS-41/Ulysses and STS-50/USML-1. DEF: ride.bmp Ride, Sally Kristen Ph.D. Physics Date of Birth: May 26, 1951 Place of Birth: Los Angeles, California, USA Spouse: Mr. Steven Alan Hawley (divorced) As Mission Specialist 2, Ride has worked on STS-7 and STS 41-G. 343 hours, 47 minutes, 32 seconds space time logged DEF: roman.bmp Romanenko, Yuri Viktorovich (Yura) Colonel, Soviet Air Force Date of Birth: August 1, 1944 Place of Birth: Koltubanka, Orenburg Oblast, Russia Spouse: Alevtina Romanenko Children: Roman, Artem The cosmonaut acted as Backup Commander for Soyuz 16, Soyuz 19 ASTP, Soyuz 25, Soyuz 33 and Soyuz 40. As well, he served as Commander for Soyuz 26/Salyut 6/Soyuz 27, Soyuz 38/Salyut 6 and Soyuz TM-2/Mir/Soyuz TM-3. 10,338 hours, 21 minutes, 30 seconds space time logged DEF: roos.bmp Roosa, Stuart Allen (Stu/Smokey) Colonel, US Air Force (retired) Date of Birth: August 16, 1933 Place of Birth: Durango, Colorado, USA Spouse: Mrs. Joan C. Roosa Children: Christopher A., John D., Stuart Allen jr., Rosemary D. He worked as Support Crew for Apollo 9, Command Module Pilot for Apollo 14, Backup Command Pilot for Apollo 16 and Apollo 17. 216 hours, 1 minute, 57 seconds space time logged DEF: ross.bmp Ross, Jerry Lynn Lieutenant Colonel, US Air Force Date of Birth: January 20, 1948 Place of Birth: Crown Point, Indiana, USA Spouse: Mrs. Karen S. Ross Children: Amy J., Scott L. Ross worked as Mission Specialist 1 for STS 61-B and STS-55/Spacelab D-2, and as Mission Specialist 2 for STS-27 and STS-37/GRO. DEF: rozh.bmp Rozhdestvenski, Valeri Ilyich (Valera) Colonel Engineer, Soviet Naval Air Force Date of Birth: February 13, 1939 Place of Birth: Leningrad, Leningrad Oblast, Russia Spouse: Mrs. Svetlana Rozhdestvenski Children: Tatiana The cosmonaut served as Backup Flight Engineer for Soyuz 14, Soyuz 15, Soyuz 21, and as Flight Engineer for Soyuz 23/Salyut 5. 48 hours, 6 minutes, 35 seconds space time logged DEF: ruka.bmp Rukavishnikov, Nikolai Nikolaivich (Kolya) Cand.Sc. Technology Date of Birth: September 18, 1932 Place of Birth: Tomsk, Tomsk Oblast, Russia Spouse: Mrs. Nina Rukavishnikov Children: Vladimir The cosmonaut served as Research Engineer for Soyuz 10/Salyut 1, Flight Engineer for Soyuz 16, Backup Flight Engineer for Soyuz 19 ASTP, Backup Commander for Soyuz 28 and Commander for Soyuz 33/Salyut 6. 237 hours, 10 minutes, 35 seconds space time logged DEF: NONE Runco, Mario jr. (Trooper) Lieutenant Comamnder, US Navy Date of Birth: January 26, 1952 Place of Birth: Bronx, New York, USA Spouse: Mrs. Susan Kay Runco Children: Maria Margaret, Carl Christopher The astronaut served as Mission Specialist 2 for STS-44 and STS-54. DEF: ryu.bmp Ryumin, Valeri Viktorovich (Valera) civilian Date of Birth: August 16, 1939 Place of Birth: Komsomolsk-na-Amure, Khabarovsk Kray, Russia Spouse: Ms. Natalia Ryumin (divorced); Mrs. Elena Vladimirovna Ryumin Children: Viktoria, Vadim, Yevgeni The cosmonaut acted as Flight Engineer for Soyuz 25/Salyut 6, Soyuz 32/Salyut 6/Soyuz 34 and Soyuz 35/Salyut 6/Soyuz 37, and Backup Flight Engineer for Soyuz 29. 8,685 hours, 31 minutes, 57 seconds space time logged including 1 hour, 23 minutes EVA activity DEF: sara.bmp Sarafanov, Genadi Vasileivich (Gena) Colonel, Soviet Air Force Reserve; Cand.Sc. Technology Date of Birth: January 1, 1942 Place of Birth: Sinenkia, Saratov Oblast, Russia Spouse: Mrs. Tamara Sarafanov Children: Alexei, Yekatarina He worked as Backup Flight Engineer for Soyuz 14 and Commander for Soyuz 15/Salyut 3. 48 hours, 12 minutes, 11 seconds space time logged DEF: sav.bmp Savinykh, Viktor Petrovich (Vitya/the Green Computer) Cand.Sc. Technology Date of Birth: March 7, 1940 Place of Birth: Berezkhiny, Kirov Oblast, Russia Spouse: Mrs. Lilia Savinykh Children: Valentina The cosmonaut served as Backup Research Engineer for Soyuz T-3, Flight Engineer for Soyuz T-4/Salyut 6, Soyuz T-13/Salyut 7/Soyuz T-14, Soyuz TM-5/Mir/Soyuz TM-4 and Backup Flight Engineer for Soyuz T-7, Soyuz T-8, Soyuz T-10, Soyuz T-12 and Soyuz TM-3. 6,065 hours, 38 minutes, 23 seconds space time logged including 5 hours EVA activity DEF: savi.bmp Savitskaya-Khatkovski, Svetlana Yevgenyevna (Sveta) civilian Date of Birth: August 8, 1948 Place of Birth: Moscow, Russia Spouse: Mr. Viktor Stanislovich Khatkovski Children: Konstantin For Soyuz T-7/Salyut 7/Soyuz T-5, she worked as Cosmonaut-Researcher, and Flight Engineer for Soyuz T-12/Salyut 7. 473 hours, 7 minutes space time logged including 3 hours, 35 minutes EVA activity DEF: schi.bmp Schirra, Walter Marty (Wally/Walt/Rah-rah/Mr. Cool) Captain, US Navy (retired) Date of Birth: March 12, 1923 Place of Birth: Hackensack, New Jersey, USA Spouse: Mrs. Josephine Cook Schirra Children: Walter Marty III, Suzanne Karen Schirra served as Backup Pilot for Mercury MA-7, Pilot for Mercury MA-8, Backup Command Pilot for Gemini GT-3, Command Pilot for Gemini GT-6A, Backup Commander for Apollo 1 and Commander for Apollo 7. DEF: schm.bmp Schmitt, Harrison Hagan (Jack) Ph.D. Geology Date of Birth: July 3, 1935 Place of Birth: Santa Rita, New Mexico, USA Spouse: unspecified marriage The astronaut worked as Backup Lunar Module Pilot for Apollo 15 and Lunar Module Pilot for Apollo 17. 301 hours, 51 minutes, 57 seconds space time logged including 23 hours, 10 minutes EVA activity of which 22 hours, 4 minutes non-terrestrial planetary exploration DEF: scwei.bmp Schweickart, Russell Louis (Rusty) civilian Date of Birth: October 25, 1935 Place of Birth: Neptune, New Jersey, USA Spouse: Ms. Clare Grantham Whitfield (divorced); Mrs. Nancy Schweickart Children: Vicki Louise, Russell Brown, Randolph Barton, Elin Ashley, Diana Croom Grandchildren: three unspecified The astronaut served as Lunar Module Pilot for Apollo 9 and Backup Commander for Skylab SL-2. 241 hours, 54 seconds space time logged including 1 hour, 7 minutes EVA activity DEF: sco.bmp Scobee, Francis Richard (Dick) Major, US Air Force (retired) Date of Birth: May 19, 1939 Date of Death: January 28, 1986 Place of Birth: Cle Elum, Washington, USA Spouse: Mrs. Virginia June Scobee Children: Kathie R. Scobee-Krause, Richard William For STS 41-C, Scobee served as Pilot, and Commander for STS 51-L. Scobee died in the explosion of the shuttle Challenger. 167 hours, 40 minutes, 7 seconds space time logged DEF: scott.bmp Scott, David Randolph (Dave) Colonel, US Air Force (retired) Date of Birth: June 6, 1932 Place of Birth: Randolph Air Force Base, Texas, USA Spouse: Mrs. Ann Lurton Scott Children: Tracy Lee, Douglas William The astronaut worked as Pilot for Gemini GT-8, Backup Senior Pilot for Apollo1, Command Module Pilot for Apollo 9, Backup Commander for Apollo 12 and Commander for Apollo 15. 546 hours, 54 minutes, 13 seconds space time logged including 20 hours, 46 minutes EVA activity DEF: scu.bmp Scully-Power, Paul Desmond civilian Date of Birth: May 28, 1944 Place of Birth: Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (naturalized US citizen) Spouse: Mrs. Frances Anne Scully-Power Children: Adam Paul, Lincoln Paul, Holly Louise, Victoria Clarissa, William Paul, Tara Elizabeth On STS 41-G, the astronaut acted as Payload Specialist 1. 197 hours, 23 minutes, 33 seconds space time logged DEF: sedd.bmp Seddon, Margaret Rhea M.D. Date of Birth: November 8, 1947 Place of Birth: Murfreesboro, Tennessee, USA Spouse: Mr. Robert Lee Gibson Children: Paul Seddon, Edward Dann Seddon worked as Mission Specialist 1 for STS 51-D and Mission Specialist 3 for STS-40/SLS-1. 386 hours, 10 minutes, 37 seconds space time logged DEF: see.bmp See, Elliot McKay jr. Lieutenant Commander, US Naval Reserve Date of Birth: July 23, 1927 Date of Death: February 28, 1966 Place of Birth: Dallas, Texas, USA Spouse: Mrs. Marilyn Jane See Children: Sally, Carolyn, David McKay See served as Backup Pilot for Gemini GT-5 and Command Pilot for Gemini GT-9. However, See, along with Charles A. Bassett II, died in an aircraft accident before he could fly in Gemini GT-9. DEF: sere.bmp Serebrov, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich (Sasha) Cand.Sc. Technology Date of Birth: February 15, 1944 Place of Birth: Moscow, Russia Spouse: Mrs. Yekatarina Serebrov Children: Kirill, unspecified child Serebrov worked as Flight Engineer for Soyuz T-7/Salyut 7/Soyuz T-5 and Soyuz TM-8/Mir, Backup Flight Engineer for Soyuz T-14, Soyuz TM-2, Soyuz TM-5 and Soyuz TM-7, and Cosmonaut-Researcher for Soyuz T-8/Salyut 7. 4,229 hours, 8 minutes, 12 seconds space time logged including 17 hours, 36 minutes EVA activity DEF: seva.bmp Sevastyanov, Vitali Ivanovich (Vitalya) Cand.Sc. Technology Date of Birth: July 8, 1935 Place of Birth: Krasnouralsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia Spouse: Mrs. Alevtina Sevastyanova Children: Natalia The cosmonaut served as Backup Flight Engineer for Soyuz 8, Soyuz 18-1, Soyuz TM-8 and Soyuz TM-9 and Flight Engineer for Soyuz 9 and Soyuz 18/Salyut 4. 1, 936 hours, 18 minutes, 58 seconds space time logged DEF: shar.bmp Sharma, Rakesh (Rikki) Lieutenant Colonel and Squadron Leader, Indian Air Force Date of Birth: January 13, 1949 Place of Birth: Patiala, Punjab State, India Spouse: Mrs. Madhu Sharma Children: Kapil, Mansi (deceased) Sharma acted as Cosmonaut-Researcher for Soyuz T-11/Salyut 7/Soyuz T-10. 189 hours, 41 minutes space time logged DEF: NONE Sharman, Helen Patricia (Lenochka) civilian Date of Birth: May 30, 1963 Place of Birth: Sheffield, Yorkshire, England The woman served as Cosmonaut-Researcher for Soyuz TM-12/Mir/Soyuz TM-11. 189 hours, 14 minutes, 20 seconds space time logged DEF: shat.bmp Shatalov, Vladimir Aleksandrovich (Volodya) Lieutenant General, Soviet Air Force; Cand.Sc. Technology Date of Birth: December 8, 1927 Place of Birth: Petropavlovsk, Severo-Kazakhstan Oblast, Kazakhstan Spouse: Mrs. Muza Shatalov Children: Igor For Voshkod 1, he was Backup Commander, Backup Pilot for Soyuz 3 and Pilot for Soyuz 4/Soyuz 5. The cosmonaut served as Backup Commander for Soyuz 6 and Soyuz 7 and Commander for Soyuz 8 and Soyuz 10/Salyut 1. 237 hours, 57 minutes, 30 seconds space time logged DEF: shaw.bmp Shaw, Brewster Hopkinson jr. Colonel, US Air Force Date of Birth: May 16, 1945 Place of Birth: Cas City, Michigan, USA Spouse: Mrs. Kathleen Ann Shaw Children: Brewster Hopkinson III, Jessica Hollis, Brandon Robert The astronaut acted as Pilot for STS-9/Spacelab 1 and Commander for STS 61-B and STS-28. 533 hours, 52 minutes, 23 seconds space time logged DEF: shep.bmp Shepard, Alan Bartlett jr. (Al/Jose) Rear Admiral, US Navy (retired) Date of Birth: November 18, 1923 Place of Birth: East Derry, New Hampshire, USA Spouse: Mrs. Louise Shepard Children: Laura Shepard Snyder, Juliana Coleman Shepard served as Pilot for Mercury MR-3, Backup Pilot for Mercury MA-9 and Commander for Apollo 14. 216 hours, 17 minutes, 25 seconds space time logged including 9 hours, 12 minutes, 27 seconds EVA activity all non-terrestrial planetary exploration DEF: sheph.bmp Shepherd, William McMichael (Bill) Captain, US Navy Date of Birth: July 26, 1949 Place of Birth: Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA The astronaut worked as Mission Specialist 3 for STS-27, Mission Specialist 2 for STS-41/Ulysses and STS-52.LAGEOS II. DEF: shon.bmp Shonin, Georgei Stepanovich (Zhora) Lieutenant General, Soviet Naval Air Force; Cand.Sc. Technology Date of Birth: August 3, 1935 Place of Birth: Rovenki, Vososhilovgrad Oblast, Ukraine Spouse: Mrs. Lidia Federovna Shonin Children: Andrey, Nina, Olga The man acted as Backup Pilot for Soyuz 4 and Commander for Soyuz 6. 118 hours, 42 minutes, 47 seconds space time logged DEF: shri.bmp Shriver, Loren James Colonel, US Air Force Date of Birth: September 23, 1944 Place of Birth: Jefferson, Iowa, USA Spouse: Mrs. Susan Diane Shriver Children: Camilla Marie, Melinda Sue, Jered Loren, Rebecca Hane For STS 51-C, Shriver worked as Pilot, and for STS-31 and STS-46/TSS-1 as Commander. 194 hours, 49 minutes, 33 seconds space time logged DEF: slay.bmp Slayton, Donald Kent (Deke/Don) Major, US Air Force Reserve Date of Birth: March 1, 1924 Place of Birth: Sparta, Wisconsin, USA Spouse: Ms. Marjory Lunney (divorced); Mrs. Bobbie Slayton Children: Kent Sherman Slayton served as Docking Module Pilot for Apollo 18 ASTP, and initially as Pilot for Mercury MA-7 but was withdrawn for a heart fibrillation. 217 hours, 28 minutes, 24 seconds space time logged DEF: smith.bmp Smith, Michael John (Mike) Captain, US Navy Date of Birth: April 30, 1945 Date of Death: January 28, 1986 Place of Birth: Beaufort, North Carolina, USA Spouse: Mrs. Jane Anne Smith Children: Michael Scott, Alison Taylor, Erin Kennedy Smith served as Pilot for STS 51-L. The astronaut died in the explosion of the shuttle Challenger. DEF: NONE Solovyev, Anatoli Yakovlevich (Tolya) Colonel, Soviet Air Force Date of Birth: January 16, 1948 Place of Birth: Riga, Latvia Spouse: Mrs. Natalia Solovyev Children: two unspecified sons The cosmonaut served as Backup Commander for Soyuz T-14, Soyuz TM-3 and Soyuz TM-8, and Commander for Soyuz TM-5/Mir/Soyuz TM-4 and Soyuz TM-9/Mir. 4,533 hours, 29 minutes space time logged DEF: solo.bmp Solovyev, Vladimir Alekseivich (Volodya) civilian Date of Birth: November 11, 1946 Place of Birth: Moscow, Russia Spouse: Mrs. Yelena Solovyev Children: Sergei, Maria As Backup Flight Engineer, Solovyev worked on Soyuz T-6, Soyuz T-8, Soyuz T-9, Soyuz T-10-1 and Flight Engineer for Soyuz T-10/Salyut 7/Soyuz T-11 and Soyuz T-15/Mir/Salyut 7/MIr. 8,686 hours, 50 minutes, 4 seconds space time logged including 31 hours, 38 minutes EVA activity DEF: spring.bmp Spring, Sherwood Clark (Woody) Colonel, US Army Date of Birth: September 3, 1944 Place of Birth: Hartford, Connecticut, USA Spouse: Mrs. Collette Deborah Spring Chidren: Sarah Elizabeth, Justin Edward The astroanut worked as Mission Specialist 3 for STS 61-B. 165 hours, 4 minutes, 49 seconds space time logged including 12 hours, 12 minutes EVA activity DEF: sprin.bmp Springer, Robert Clyde (Bob) Colonel, US Marine Corps (retired) Date of Birth: May 21, 1942 Place of Birth: St. Louis, Missouri, USA Spouse: Mrs. Mary M. Springer Children: Chad, Kira, Derek He served as Mission Specialist 2 for STS-29 and Mission Specialist 1 for STS-38. 237 hours, 34 minutes, 9 seconds space time logged DEF: staf.bmp Stafford, Thomas Pattern (Tom/Mumbles) Lieutenant General, US Air Force (retired) Date of Birth: September 17, 1930 Place of Birth: Weatherford, Oklahoma, USA Spouse: Mrs. Faye Laverne Stafford Children: Dionne Kay, Karen Elaine Stafford served as Backup Pilot for Gemini GT-3, Pilot for Gemini GT-6A, Command Pilot for Gemini GT-9A, Backup Commander for Apollo 7, Commander for Apollo 10 and Commander for Apollo 18 ASTP. 507 hours, 44 minutes, 31 seconds space time logged DEF: stew.bmp Stewart, Robert Lee (Bob) Brigadier General, US Army Date of Birth: August 13, 1942 Place of Birth: Washington, D.C., USA Spouse: Mrs. Mary Jane Stewart Children: Ragon Annette, Jennifer Lee Grandchildren: Sarah Jane The astronaut served as Mission Specialist 2 for STS 41-B and STS 51-J. 289 hours, 33 seconds space time logged including 11 hours, 30 minutes EVA activity DEF: strek.bmp Strekalov, Gennadi Mikhailovich (Gena) civilian Date of Birth: October 28, 1940 Place of Birth: Mytischi, Moscow Oblast, Russia Spouse: Mrs. Lidia Strekalov Children: Tatiana, unspecified daughter For Soyuz 22, Soyuz T-5, Soyuz T-9, Soyuz T-14, Soyuz TM-8 and Soyuz TM-9, he worked as Backup Flight Engineer. As Research Engineer, Strekalov acted on Soyuz T-3/Salyut 6, and on Soyuz T-8/Salyut 7, Soyuz T-10-1/Salyut 7, Soyuz T-11/Salyut 7/Soyuz T-10 and Soyuz T-10/Mir, the cosmonaut served as Flight Engineer. 3,685 hours, 48 minutes space time logged DEF: NONE Sullivan, Kathryn Dwyer (Kathy) Lieutenant Commander, US Naval Reserve Date of Birth: October 3, 1951 Place of Birth: Paterson, New Jersey, USA The astronaut worked as Mission Specialist 3 for STS 41-G and STS-31, and Mission Specialist 1 for STS-45/ATLAS-1. 318 hours, 39 minutes, 39 seconds space time logged DEF: swig.bmp Swigert, John Leonard jr. (Jack/Rusty) US Representative Date of Birth: August 30, 1931 Date of Death: December 27, 1982 Place of Birth: Denver, Colorado, USA Swigert acted as Support Crew for Apollo 7 and Apollo 11, and Command Module Pilot for Apollo 13. 142 hours, 54 minutes, 41 seconds space time logged DEF: tama.bmp Tamayo-Mendez, Arnaldo (Guasso) Colonel, Cuban Air Force Date of Birth: January 29, 1942 Place of Birth: Guantanamo, Oriente, Cuba Spouse: Mrs. Maria Tamayo-Mendez Children: Arnaldo, Orlando He worked as Research Pilot for Soyuz 38/Salyut 6. 188 hours, 43 minutes, 24 seconds space time logged DEF: tere.bmp Tereshkova, Valentina Vladimirovna (Valya/Nina) Colonel Engineer, Soviet Air Force Date of Birth: March 6, 1937 Place of Birth: Maslennikovo, Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia Spouse: Mr. Andriyan Nikolayev (divorced) Children: Yelena Andriyanovna The woman acted as Pilot for Vostok 6. 70 hours, 50 minutes, 8 seconds space time logged DEF: thag.bmp Thagard, Norman Earl (Norm) M.D. Date of Birth: July 3, 1943 Place of Birth: Marianna, Florida, USA Spouse: Mrs. Rex Kirby Thagard Children: Normon Gordon, James Robert, Daniel Cary The astronaut worked as Mission Specialist 3 for STS-7 and STS-42/IML-1, Mission Specialist 2 for STS 51-B/Spacelab 3, and Mission Specialist 1 for STS-30/Magellan. DEF: thorn.bmp Thornton, Kathryn Cordell (Kathy) Ph.D. Physics Date of Birth: August 17, 1952 Place of Birth: Montgomery, Alabama, USA Spouse: Mr. Stephen Thomas Thornton Children: Kenneth, Michael, Carol Elizabeth, Laura Lee, Susan Annette She acted as Mission Specialist 2 for STS-33 and STS-49. 120 hours, 6 minutes, 46 seconds space time logged DEF: thornt.bmp Thornton, William Edgar (Bill) M.D. Date of Birth: April 14, 1929 Place of Birth: Faison, North Carolina, USA Spouse: Mrs. Elizabeth Jennifer Thornton Children: William Simon, James Fallon Thornton worked as Support Crew for Skylab SL-2, Skylab SL-3, Skylab SL-4, Mission Specialist 3 for STS-8 and Mission Specialist 1 for STS 51-B/Spacelab 3. 313 hours, 17 minutes, 29 seconds space time logged DEF: thuot.bmp Thuot, Pierre Joseph Commander, US Navy Date of Birth: May 19, 1955 Place of Birth: Groton, Connecticutt, USA Spouse: Mrs. Cheryl Ann Thuot For STS-36, Thuot worked as Mission Specialist 3, and for STS-49, he acted as Mission Specialist 1. 106 hours, 19 minutes, 43 seconds space time logged DEF: tito.bmp Titov, German Stepanovich (Gera) Colonel General, Soviet Air Force; Cand.Sc. Technology Date of Birth: September 11, 1935 Place of Birth: Verkhneye Zhilino, Altay Kray, Russia Spouse: Mrs. Tamara Vasilyevna Titov Children: Igor (deceased), Tatiana, Galina The cosmonaut was Backup Pilot for Vostol 1, and Pilot for Vostok 2. 25 hours, 18 minutes space time logged DEF: titov.bmp Titov, Vladimir Georgeivich (Volodya) Colonel, Soviet Air Force Date of Birth: January 1, 1947 Place of Birth: Sretensk, Chita Oblast, Russia Spouse: Mrs. Aleksandra Titov Children: Marina, Yuri As Backup Commander, Titov worked on Soyuz T-5, Soyuz T-9 and Soyuz TM-9, and as Commander, the cosmonaut acted on Soyuz T-8/Salyut 7, Soyuz T-10-1 and Soyuz TM-4/Mir/Soyuz TM-6. 8,831 hours, 3 minutes, 5 seconds space time logged DEF: trinh.bmp Trinh, Eugene Huu-Chau Ph.D. Applied Physics Date of Birth: September 14, 1950 Place of Birth: Saigon, South Vietnam (naturalized US citizen) Spouse: Mrs. Yvette Trinh Trinh served as Backup Payload Specialist 2 for STS 51-B/Spacelab 3 and Payload Specialist for STS-50/USML-1. DEF: truly.bmp Truly, Richard Harrison (Dick) Vice Admiral, US Navy Date of Birth: November 12, 1937 Place of Birth: Fayette, Mississippi, USA Spouse: Mrs. Colleen Truly Children: Richard Michael, Daniel Bennett, Lee Margaret Truly worked as Support Crew for Skylab SL-2, Skylab SL-3, Skylab SL-4 and Apollo 18 ASTP. As well, the astronaut served as Backup Pilot for STS-1 (OFT), Pilot for STS-2 (OFT) and Commander for STS-8. 199 hours, 21 minutes, 56.08 seconds space time logged DEF: vanden.bmp van den Berg, Lodewijk Ph.D. Applied Science Date of Birth: March 4, 1932 Place of Birth: Sluiskil, Netherlands (naturalized US citizen) Spouse: unspecified marriage Children: two unspecified children The astronaut served as Payload Specialist 1 for STS 51-B/Spacelab 3. 168 hours, 8 minutes, 46 seconds space time logged DEF: vanh.bmp van Hoften, James Dougal Adrianus (Jim/Ox) Lieutenant Colonel, US Air Force Reserve; Ph.D. Hydraulic Engineering/Fluid Mechanics) Date of Birth: June 11, 1944 Place of Birth: Fresno, California, USA Spouse: Mrs. Vallarie van Hoften Children: Jennifer Lyn, Jamie Juliana, Victoria Jane Van Hoften acted as Mission Specialist 3 for STS 41-C and Mission Specialist 1 for STS 51-I. 337 hours, 57 minutes, 49 seconds space time logged including 22 hours, 8 minutes EVA activity DEF: vasy.bmp Vasyutin, Vladimir Vladimirovich (Volodya) Colonel, Soviet Air Force Date of Birth: March 8, 1952 Place of Birth: Kharkov, Kharkov Oblast, Ukraine Spouse: Mrs. Galina Vasyutin Children: Elena, Valeria The cosmonaut worked as Backup Commander for Soyuz T-7, Soyuz T-10 and Soyuz T-12, and Commander for Soyuz T-14/Salyut 7. 1,557 hours, 52 minutes space time logged DEF: veach.bmp Veach, Charles Lacy Lieutenant Colonel, US Air Force Reserve Date of Birth: September 18, 1944 Place of Birth; Chicago, Illinois, USA Spouse: Mrs. Alice Meigs Veach Children: Marshall Scott, Katherine Maile He served as Mission Specialist 4 for STS-39 and Mission Specialist 3 for STS-52/LAGEOS II. 199 hours, 22 minutes, 25 seconds space time logged DEF: NONE Viktorenko, Aleksandr Stepanovich (Sasha) Colonel, Soviet Air Force Date of Birth: March 29, 1947 Place of Birth: Olginka, Severo-Kazakhstan Oblast, Kazakhstan Spouse: Mrs. Raisa Viktorenko Children: Oksana, Aleksei The cosmonaut worked as Backup Commander for Soyuz T-14, Soyuz T-15, Soyuz TM-2, Soyuz TM-7 and Soyuz TM-12. As well, he served as Commander for Soyuz TM-3/Mir/Soyuz TM-2 and Soyuz TM-8. 4,182 hours, 2 minutes, 5 seconds space time logged including 17 hours, 36 minutes EVA activity DEF: volk.bmp Volk, Igor Petrovich civilian Date of Birth: April 12, 1937 Place of Birth: Gotvald, Kharkov Oblast, Ukraine Spouse: Mrs. Valentina Volk Children: Marina, Irina As Cosmonaut-Researcher, Volk served on Soyuz T-12/Salyut 7. 283 hours, 14 minutes, 36 seconds space time logged DEF: volko.bmp Volkov, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich (Sasha) Colonel, Soviet Air Force Date of Birth: April 27, 1948 Place of Birth: Gorlovka, Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine Spouse: Mrs. Anna Volkob Children: Dmitri, Sergei The cosmonaut served as Cosmonaut-Researcher for Soyuz T-14/Salyut 7, Backup Commander for Soyuz TM-4, Soyuz TM-11 and Soyuz TM-12, and Commander for Soyuz TM-7/Mir. 5,169 hours space time logged including 5 hours, 57 minutes EVA activity DEF: volkov.bmp Volkov, Vladislav Nikolaivich (Vadim/Vladik) civilian Date of Birth: November 23, 1935 Date of Death: June 30, 1971 Place of Birth: Moscow, Russia Spouse: Mrs. Lyudmilla Volkov Children: Vladimir, Konstantin, two unspecified sons As Backup Flight Engineer, the cosmonaut worked on Soyuz 5 and Soyuz 10. As well, he served as Flight Engineer for Soyuz 7 and Soyuz 11/Salyut 1. Volkov and fellow cosmonauts, Georgei Dobrovolski and Viktor Patsayev, died when the Soyuz capsule pressure equalization valve opened during orbital-module separation releasing all the air in the capsule. 689 hours, 2 minutes, 6 seconds space time logged DEF: volynov.bmp Volynov, Boris Valentinovich (Borya) Colonel, Soviet Air Force Date of Birth: December 18, 1934 Place of Birth: Irkutsk, Irkutsk Oblast, Russia Spouse: Mrs. Tamara Volynov Children: Andrei, Tatiana As Backup Pilot, the cosmonaut served on Vostok 3, Vostok 4, Vostok 5 and Soyuz 3. He acted as Backup Commander for Voshkod 1, Soyuz 14 and Soyuz 15, and Commander for Soyuz 5/Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 21/Salyut 5. 1,255 hours, 17 minutes, 47 seconds space time logged DEF: vonbr1.bmp Von Braun, Werner Ph.D. Engineering Place of Birth: Germany Spirited from the ashes of NAZI Germany by the US Army, Dr. Von Braun would become the US' shining star in rocket technology. He and his group of German scientists would improve upon the V-2 rocket design they had developed for Hitler and place America into space with Explorer-1. Soon after, Von Braun would take the helm of the Saturn rocket program in an effort to place a man on the Moon. His work would create the largest, most powerful rocket in history. DEF: NONE Voss, James Shelton (Jim) Lieutenant Colonel, US Army Date of Birth: March 3, 1949 Place of Birth: Cordova, Alabama, USA Spouse: Mrs. Susan Voss Children: Kristie For STS-44, he served as Mission Specialist 3 and Mission Specialist 2 for STS-53. DEF: walk.bmp Walker, Charles David (Charlie) civilian Date of Birth: August 29, 1948 Place of Birth; Bedford, Indiana, USA Spouse: Mrs. Melissa L. Walker The astronaut worked as Payload Specialist for STS 41-D, Payload Specialist 1 for STS 51-D and STS 61-B. DEF: walker.bmp Walker, David Mathieson (Dave) Captain, US Navy Date of Birth: May 20, 1944 Place of Birth: Columbus, Georgia, USA Spouse: Ms. Patricia A. Shea (divorced); Ms. Stacy Randal Hall (divorce) Children: Michael, Matt The man acted as Pilot for STS 51-A, Commander for STS-30/Magellan and STS-53. DEF: wang.bmp Wang, Taylor Gun-Jin Ph.D. Physics Date of Birth: June 16, 1940 Place of Birth: Shanghai, China (naturalized US citizen) Spouse: Mrs. Beverly Wang Children: Kenneth, Eric As Payload Specialist 2, he served on STS 51-B/Spacelab 3. 168 hours, 8 minutes, 46 seconds space time logged DEF: weitz.bmp Weitz, Paul Joseph Captain, US Navy (retired) Date of Birth: July 25, 1932 Place of Birth: Erie, Pennsylvania, USA Spouse: Mrs. Suzanne Margaret Weitz Children: Matthew J., Cynthia A. The astronaut acted as Support Crew for Apollo 12, Pilot for Skylab SL-2/Skylab SL-1 and Commander for STS-6. 793 hours, 13 minutes, 31 seconds space time logged including 2 hours, 11 minutes EVA activity DEF: wether.bmp Wetherbee, James Donald (Jim) Commander, US Navy Date of Birth: November 27, 1952 Place of Birth: Flushing, New York, USA Spouse: Mrs. Robin DeVore Wetherbee Children: Kelly DeVore, Jennifer Marie Wetherbee served as Pilot for STS-32 and Commander for STS-52/LAGEOS II. DEF: white.bmp White, Edward Higgins II (Ed/Red) Lieutenant Colonel, US Air Force Date of Birth: November 14, 1930 Date of Death: January 27, 1967 Place of Birth: San Antonio, Texas, USA Spouse: Mrs. Patricia Eileen White Children: Edward Higgins III, Bonnie Lynn The astronaut served as Pilot for Gemini GT-4, Backup Command Pilot for Gemini GT-7 and Senior Pilot for Apollo 1. White, Roger B. Chaffee and Virgil I. Grissom, asphyxiated in the fire that engulfed the inside if their Apollo 1 capsule. 97 hours, 56 minutes, 12 seconds space time logged including 36 minutes EVA activity DEF: will.bmp Williams, Donald Edward (Don) Captain, US Navy (retired) Date of Birth: February 13, 1942 Place of Birth: Lafayette, Indiana, USA Spouse: Mrs. Linda Jo Williams Children: Jonathan Edward, Barbara Jane Williams worked as Pilot for STS 51-D and Commander for STS-34/Galilieo. 287 hours, 36 minutes, 23.9 seconds space time logged DEF: word.bmp Worden, Alfred Merill (Al) Lieutenant Colonel, US Air Force (retired) Date of Birth: February 7, 1932 Place of Birth: Jackson, Michigan, USA Spouse: Ms. Pamela Ellen Vander (divorced); Ms. Sandra Lee Wilder (divorced); Mrs. Jill Lee Worden Children: Merrill Ellen, Alison Pamela, Stephanie, Tamara Lynn The astronaut served as Support Crew for Apollo 9, Backup Command Module Pilot for Apollo 12 and Command Module Pilot for Apollo 15. 295 hours, 11 minutes, 53 seconds space time logged including 38 minutes EVA activity DEF: yego.bmp Yegorov, Boris Borisovich (Borya) Captain, Medical Corps, Soviet Air Force; Dr.med. Dr.S. Cand.Sc. Medicine Date of Birth: November 26, 1937 Place of Birth: Moscow, Russia Spouse: Ms. Eleanora Valentinovna (divorced); Ms. Natalia Fateyeva (divorced); Mrs. Natalia Yegorov Children: Boris, unspecified daughter The cosmonaut served as Physiologist for Voshkod 1. 24 hours, 17 minutes, 3 seconds space time logged DEF: yeli.bmp Yeliseyev, Alexei Stanislavovich (Lesha) Dr.Sc Cand.Sc. Technology Date of Birth: July 13, 1934 Place of Birth: Zhizdra, Kaluga Oblast, Russia Spouse: Mrs. Larisa Ivanovna Yeliseyev Children: Elena As Flight Engineer, the cosmonaut served on Soyuz 5/Soyuz 4, Soyuz 8 and Soyuz 10/Salyut 1. For Soyuz 6, he was Backup Flight Engineer, and for Soyuz 7 was Backup Research Engineer. 214 hours, 22 minutes, 33 seconds space time logged DEF: young.bmp Young, John Watts (Jose) Captain, US Navy (retired) Date of Birth: September 24, 1930 Place of Birth: San Francisco, California, USA Spouse: Ms. Barbara Vincent White (divorced); Mrs. Susy Young Children: Sandy, John The astronaut served as Pilot for Gemini GT-3, Backup Pilot for Gemini GT-6A, Command Pilot for Gemini GT-10, Backup Senior Pilot for Apollo 7, Command Module Pilot for Apollo 10, Backup Commander for Apollo 13, Commander for Apollo 16, Backup Commander for Apollo 17 and Commander for STS-1 (OFT) and STS-9/Spacelab 1. 835 hours, 41 minutes, 49 seconds space time logged including 20 hours, 14 minutes EVA activity all non-terrestrial planetary exploration DEF: zhob.bmp Zholobov, Vitali Mikhailovich (Vitalya) Colonel Engineer, Soviet Air Force Reserve Date of Birth: June 18, 1937 Place of Birth: Zburyevka, Kherson Oblast, Ukraine Spouse: Mrs. Lilia Ivanovna Zholobov Children: Yelena The cosmonaut served as Backup Flight Engineer for Soyuz 14 and Soyuz 15, and Flight Engineer for Soyuz 21/Salyut 5. 1,182 hours, 23 minutes, 32 seconds space time logged DEF: zudov.bmp Zudov, Vyacheslav Dmitrievich (Slava) Colonel, Soviet Air Force Date of Birth: January 8, 1942 Place of Birth: Bor, Gorky Oblast, Russia Spouse: Mrs. Nina Zudov Children: Elena, Natalia As Backup Commander, Zudov served on Soyuz 14, Soyuz 15, Soyuz 21, Soyuz 35 and Soyuz T-4. He also served as Commander for Soyuz 23/Salyut 5. 48 hours, 6 minutes, 35 seconds space time logged DEF: NONE PERIGEE The point closest to the Earth in a geocentric orbit. At perigee, the orbiting body's velocity is at maximum. In order to close the orbit, to bring it to a close, a spacecraft's thruster is turned on at perigee to give the vehicle and its payload increased velocity. Perigee is the opposite of apogee. DEF: NONE PERIOD The interval of time needed for the completion of a periodic motion. An orbiting body's period would be the amount of time it need to complete one full revolution of the Earth. DEF: NONE INCLINATION The angle determined by the orbit and equator. An orbiting body's inclination is calculated by locating the body's line of orbit across the equator. Thus, the angle created by the intersection of the lines is the inclination. DEF: END END